Functionalism A Viable Materialist Philosophy Essay

Functionalism A Viable Materialist Philosophy EssayIn evaluating the validity of Functionalism as a theory of mind, one must branch understand the ism of Functionalism itself, and its roots. Functionalism has divided philosophers, and presented below are three of the main leans against the validity of Functionalism, and these will demonstrate that as a theory of mind, although compelling and estimation provoking, Functionalism is ultimately non viable.Functionalist theory has evolved from other philosophical theories of the mind, including Identity Theory of Mind, which in its simplest nominate states that intellectual states smoke be verbalise to be exactly very(a) to sensation states, and some forms of Behaviourist Theory, which suggested, amongst other things, that behaviour can be explained or justified without putting some(prenominal) emphasis on the mind as an instigator, and so behaviour can be rationalised by saying that the sources are not internal, however ext ernal.Functionalism can be said to be both and extension and a criticism to these theories. It is something of a middle ground between them. Similar to Behaviourist theory, Functionalism classifies psychological states using a behavioural structure, but differs from this theory by suggesting that mental states originate intern all(prenominal)y. In call of similarity to the Identity Theory of Mind, both agree that the process of producing a mental begins internally, but Functionalism differs in that it differentiates between the definitions of mental states and brain states.In its basic form, Functionalism can be defined as suggesting that mental states are characterised by their causal properties. In other words, instead of specify a mental state by its features, Functionalism suggests that it should be defined by what it does, or by its function. Expanding on this, Functionalism suggests that two thoughts can be considered identical if all relevant inputs, both those garnered in ternally and externally, can achieve the same eventual output.One of the first forms of Functionalism was created by Hilary Putnam, who, using the Turing Test, demonstrated his theory of Machine defer Functionalism. The Turing Test was a proposal by Alan Turing to discover whether machines can imitate human behaviour in a manner satisfactorily enough that they wait to be able to think, and furthermore, Turing suggested that his test might, with more technological advancement, be able to determine if a machine is in fact able to think. Using the Turing Test, Putnam suggesting that any being possessing a mind could be said to be a Turing machine, and could be controlled using a set of instructions for its operation. Furthermore, early Functionalist theories suggested that a someone or machine could be controlled by the input of instructions based on the probability of an outcome, and thus the behaviour would be modified according to the close to likely outcome. From this, Putnam c reated his idea of Functionalism which suggested that sentient beings differ from non sentient beings not because of their physical make up, but because of the way that the internal mental states relate to one other causally to form outputs.However, Putnam later rejected his earlier proposals for Functionalism, citing his Twin Earth thought experiment as justification, and, being that he was instrumental in the fundamental law of Functionalist theory, this gives weight to the argument that Functionalism as a philosophy of mind is not viable. The Twin Earth experiment is based around the idea of two identical worlds, except for one thing, that pee is has a different name on the twinned earth. As Yemina Ben-Menahem writes in Hilary Putnam, the two people involved, Oscar and Toscar refer to the liquid water as what is familiar to them in their respective environments. Yet the liquidsare in fact very different. (p.236, ll.23-24). What this thought experiment is suggesting therefore, is that Oscar and Toscars thoughts about water are based on their knowledge of it. By extension, this suggests that for a person to have thoughts about water, they must have experienced it, since the brain itself has no such knowledge of water. Thus, some form of external stimulus must have created the knowledge of water in order for the brain to process it. This refutes the idea in Functionalism that mental states are created internally.A criticism of Functionalism, and indeed of all materialist theories, is that it does not account for the complexities of human emotion and feeling. For exercising, what is missing in the theory of Functionalism is the allowance for subjective, conscious emotion, or qualia. The argument for the being of qualia is rooted in the idea that some emotions, namely pleasure and pain, cannot be analysed in an objective manner. If the example of pain is taken from a Functionalist standpoint, its only lieu is that it creates the appropriate output, such a s flinching. However, it is difficult to imagine that this is the only component of pain. From the point of view of a Functionalist, pain is not defined in terms of how it makes a person feel, or what it is made of, but rather only in terms of what is input to create the relevant mental state, and what the output of that is.The bother with using qualia as an argument against the validity of Functionalism as theory of mind is that not all philosophers believe that qualia exists. However, if one agrees to the possibility of the existence of qualia, then this argument is valuable. As Edmund Leo Wright argues in The Case for Qualia, human experience can support the existence of qualiaqualia realism should be our default position. (p.286, ll.11-13). Using this standpoint as a basis, two arguments can be levelled against Functionalism and its validity. The first argument builds on Putnams own objection to his theory of Functionalism, and the relationship between cognitive function and ex perience. The example of colours can be used to illustrate this point. If a person sees red and calls it red, and another person sees it as green but calls it red, the function is identical, but the personal experience is not. Jaegwon Kim demonstrates this in his book, Physicalism or Something Near Enough, where he writes that what a colour looks like to a person should make no battle to the primary cognitive function of their visual system, (p173, ll. 2-4). In other words, Kim is arguing that the Functionalist approach does not allow for the variety of subjective experience. He goes on to nail down this Intrinsic qualities of qualia are not functionalisable and therefore are irreducible, and hence causally impotent. (p.173, ll.9-10) If the existence of qualia cannot be reconciled with the theory of Functionalism, as Kim suggests, then the two must be mutually exclusive. If one assumes that qualia exists, as suggested by Wright, then Functionalism is not a viable theory of mind. C learly, for this argument to be valid, one must first take in the existence of qualia. As such the argument from a qualia standpoint is not sufficient by itself to invalidate Functionalism if the existence of qualia is not proven. Indeed, the theory of Functionalism can be used as an argument against the existence of qualia, and no explanation for either theory has been issued which does not rely upon unknown factors and speculation.Arguing the case for Functionalisms shortfalls in terms of consciousness, Ned Block proposed a thought experiment in which a cognitive operation mind could be created out of an entire Chinese nation. The point of this thought experiment was to illustrate that the theory of Functionalism fails to directly address the issue of consciousness as a condition of a mental state or functioning mind. As explained by Eric S. Chelstrom in Social Phenomenology Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Collective Intentionality, If consciousness could be defined in only stric tly functional terms, it would be possible for the cosmos of China as a whole to realise the functionality of consciousness. (p.55, ll.17-19). If one were to take the Functionalist view on this matter, then this thought experiment should seem entirely plausible, since in keeping with Functionalist views, it does not matter what the mind is made up of, it matters only that functional roles are realised by different parts, as would occur in the Chinese nation scenario. There should be no need, Functionalism would argue, for the mind to be made up of anything specific. Indeed, providing the roles were carried out, it could be made of anything imaginable. As Ned Block points out, the idea of the Chinese nation as a whole having a collective consciousness, and by extension, the suggestion that a conscious mind could be made up of rate of functioning parts of any description, although not necessarily impossible, seems absurd to most people, and as such demonstrates a flaw in the argumen t for Functionalism as a viable theory of mind.As established previously, there are a number of arguments against Functionalism as a viable theory of mind, and these must be taken into account when weighing up whether one agrees or disagrees with them. However, the basis of the theory of Functionalism, that mental states are only defined by their function, is one that is not advantageously reconcilable with the wealth of human experience. In fact, the idea that human experience is secondary to functioning mental states is somewhat abhorrent, since it is in human nature to emergency to believe that consciousness is a meaningful phenomenon and not an illusion created by causal functions. Furthermore, in accepting Functionalism in its entirety, one must also accept that that the machine function model suggested by Putnam could also be viable, and furthermore, that conscious beings are not unique and extraordinary, but can be created with any components, fork out the equation of inpu t and output is valid. This is a somewhat undesirable situation, and seems ridiculous as it is based in speculation of unknown factors. Ultimately, it can be said that Functionalism is not a viable theory of mind since it requires a suspension of ones experience of behaviour the knowledge of ones own consciousness, and is based almost completely on conjecture.Matravers, D (2011) Mind (A222 Book 5), Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityBen-Menahem, Y (2005) Hilary Putnam, Cambridge, Cambridge University PressWright, E (2008) The Case for Qualia, Massachusetts, MIT PressChelstrom, E (2012) Social Phenomenology Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Collective Intentionality, Maryland, Lexington Books

Sexual Abuse: Impacts and Treatments

Sexual abomination Imp work outs and TreatmentsSexual stepAbstract in that respect is a great bear on to be said regarding an idiosyncratics reverberation to intimate distress. The victim of that suffering has a high probability of creating an awayence of their individual, perchance by operator of substance as a agency to deal with, or construct any numeral of meager choices as a path of contracting with the poke fun. What the distressing thing is regarding it all is that a lot of of the offenders commence as minorren who atomic number 18 helpless to protect themselves to somebody who is typically in their Family. It is save in the course of later conceding the impairment that somebody dejection begin to recognize the burden of what ensued to them from that happening. There argon a numeral of results that leave be discussed in addition to the dependance itself and the process of healing in this paper. The spotlight right through being what the retorts are to cozy trauma.What is Sexual Abuse?Sexual abuse is non the merely abuse that dismiss take place in a home that can surrender enduring affects on a kid. There are a lot of abuses at which several diverse homes are blameworthy of. For the volume homes there is a great deal of dysfunction and this dysfunction can direct to or unlock a gate for abuse. Since of the home being the prime place for intimate abuse and excess abuses it is significant to perceive what kinds of abuse can approach from the home. There are four kinds of abuses explicit to the home and they are emotional, physical, sexual and spiritual (Laaser 2004). All of these are severe and can direct to troubles for a child later on in life what is significant is that sexual abuse directs to humiliation and the human retort to that disgrace can be distressing. Sexual abuse has for all time been a predicament in the world, other than a lot of commonwealth gauge the most awful is childrens sexual abuse. In children Sexual abu se has plication kayoed to be a foremost issue above the historic period and has established to source a lot of disorders, relationships future problems, and issues of leave. There are as puff up a lot of diverse reasons someone will turn out to be an abuser and there are a lot of effects that can approach from being assaulted sexually.Invasive sexual abuse is having the field of battle of genital stroked or penetrated by somebody who hold either emotional or physical control above the victim (Laaser, 2004, pg 101). Childhood sexual abuse is an significant subgroup of the entire sexual abuses and envelops every acts done by adults for instance convincing, deceiving, obliging perverting, or forcing children for their sexual sport (Selvi et. al. 2011. Pg. 85), In the course of this is can be perceived that sexual abuse on children de nones further than merely the sexual act the majority people would imagine of when they heed sexual abuse. In the comparable means there are a ra nge of diverse abuses there are as well a range of diverse responses to which a child may perhaps later on suffer.These retorts can be emotional or mental can persist to source harm to the person or somebody else. It is significant to note with this in mind that it was accounted that outcomes of sexual abuse on the person rely on the connection of that person with the abuser, sort of the sexual activity, cooperativeness, age, incidence of violence and bodily harm, point of development and pretraumatic psychological growth of the child (Selvi et. al. 2011. Pg. 86). Since of such an extensive range of outcome there are a handful of extensive outcomes that simplify what happens to somebody who is sexually abused.There are a lot of diverse reasons on why an individual will sexually abuse a kid. The predator for one, has been in the course of it themselves and can realize the power that it constructs them feel. Some predators also earn extremely lower issues of self-esteem and by contro lling an redundant being they can sense better regarding themselves. Also there are persons that sense of themselves so highly that if they are abused in the least feature of their lives, they sense they require to recover control, in which case they obtain power over their victim.Outcomes of AbuseIt is significant that with all of the study out there it can be observed that there is a general margin of outcomes and a general thread of familiar thread of handling devices. The strand of outcomes that an individual goes in the course of when abused was are, shocked sexuality, feelings of treachery, helplessness, and stigmatization. Shocked sexuality is when somebody is diverged from their usual path of sexual growth feelings of treachery approach since the majority sexual assaults approach from people that are near to the victim the victim is expected to sense betrayed helplessness approaches from the victim feeling helpless since they are shaky and powerless which sources anxiety, rage, nightmares, learning deficits, criminal tendencies, somatic complaints, and feelings of vengeance in both childhood and later life. (Selvi et. al. 2010. Pg. 86). Then finally stigmatization which is the alteration of perception of self that can go with the abuse where the childs notion of themselves changes to a group of humiliation, evil, and guiltiness. Any or combination of the above are ordinary retorts to sexual trauma and since of these a kid is place in the position to make a decision how to handle with what has occurred to them. Together with contend an additional feature of a childs response to sexual trauma is their wish to be aware of the trauma. Consequently how is it that a person handles with abuse?There are a numerous of methods that somebody can act in response to childhood ordeal and abuse. Laaser does not restrict the family abuse to merely sexual other than sort of includes a countless of diverse abuses a child mightiness suffer to wind up coping in a h armful matter. Nevertheless these methods are general coping devices for people who nonplus been in the course of sexual trauma and they are codependency, outpouring, and religious dependence. What is interesting concerning escape is that it is not somewhat that people actually do other than it can as well be a mental escape.Since sex addicts cant endure excruciating feelings, they prove out to escape the feelings in the course of sexual activity and sexual fancy can modify chemistry of brain and manufacture deep pleasure feelings (2004. Pg. 109). These escape methods are interesting since they are techniques of escaping a throbbing that a sex addict would study conceded with them for several years. Even though several would call in that somebody would just allow it to go letting go in the mind of a sexual abused individual is not an alternative. The cause is it is escape to a certain extent than letting go is since in a lot of instances they have let the trauma to classify the m and so even though at times they necessitate to escape it inside several are frightened to live devoid of it.The subsequently foremost reaction to trauma is codependency. For a person who is sexually abused they are habitually young even though a few are abuse in adulthood or both there is a incredible amount of humiliation. This humiliation is hard and close to impracticable for a child to contract with, tackle, or even communicating. As a result a few turn to codependency to contract with the humiliation. Codependency is used to explain anybody addicted to an additional individual it is significant to be acquainted with the result of codependency which is that They will totally forgo their interests and needs if that is what it acquires to make happy people whos support they so very much need (Laaser 2004. pg. 111). Codependency can be extremely risky for a person since similar to being addicted to substance they can let themselves to be humiliated for the evident liking of that additional individual. In the course of this they can accede themselves to go and devoid of pleasing their exact needs turn out to be hopeless and depressed. What is as well interesting concerning populace who are sexual abused is that the affiliations that they are in can be powerful ones that entail substance abuse, domestic violence , or additional sexual abuse. The individual in these relationships will not act in response correctly to the abuse however rather take it on themselves and persist to look for to please the other person.A depressing characteristic of the way is that sexual addicts seek out to make happy their spouse and to act out sexually in the course of additional sexual appearance. This denotes that when somebody is sexual abuse they are place in a position to be sexual malfunctioned and goes onto endeavoring additional sexually abnormal behaviors. Woman who had incidenced more than 2 incidence of sexual abuse in both childhood and adulthood were additional exp ected to employ in cunnilingus, masturbation, fellatio, anal and vaginal sex, group sex and swapping of partner on a recurrent basis (Arata (2002) pg. 131). Since of these sexual actions woman who have been sexually abused when they act in this way place themselves in the means for future abuses. The connection amid child sexual abuse and later on revictimization was to some extent interceded by sexual behavior (2002. Pg. 131). As a result it can be perceived that not merely can codependency be a extremely unconstructive consequence of sexual abuse other than also the sexual malfunction with the codependency can unlock people up for a many physical and emotional pain.The subsequently retort to sexual maltreatment might be religious dependence which is similar to any additional dependance they seek out godly things as a means to triumph over their sexual obsession. Their justification for this is that they do not desire to set off to hell other than at the similar time they are acti ng in a bad way of life. A lot of the people who do this might wind up acting out on defenseless children that are in a church surround. They sense embarrassed of their behavior and relatively than own up their sin to others and search for help they turn their addiction inmost to additional humiliation and in the course of this they build up an addiction that occur in the church. Whether escape, codependency, substance abuse, religious addiction, sex addiction, or any additional it turn out to be clear that for the majority people who go in the course of sexual abuse habitually find extremely nix mechanisms of coping.Sexual abuse can as well source an individual to have future relationships problems. When an individual is abused, they will typically have trusting problems with anybody of the similar sex as the offender. This can source relationships to not have trust and for the victim to be scared of the partner. There are a lot of couples where individual of them has been raped and the partner does not know. This might be since the victim is similarly embarrassed or since the victim is frighten that the partner will leave them if they discover out.Sexual Abuse and the Disease ModelThe addiction disease baby-sit instituted with alcohol and grows out of that to include all sorts of addictions. It denotes that biological factors incline people to turn out to be dependent on definite chemicals. For years Scientist have been arguing nature vs nurture in the region of personality other than at the present they have combined them by recognizing both values. It is the similar means with sex addiction. A few men and women are deemed inclined to sexual behavior. When this is the instance it requires to be recognize that even though they are inclined the surroundings is what places them in the spot to act in response to that biological inclinations. This denotes that similar to additional addictions the disease model can be utilized for viewing and treating sexual addiction and a sexual behavior.As society persists to bear the influences of sexual violence, there is an imperative challenge to recognize the factors of etiological beneath sexual offending. etiologic research has proposed that it is the interface of social learning and biological factors that control the expansion of sexual offending behaviors. Genetic factors might influence a person to bond a precise need of human (e.g. intimacy or sex), other than it is the experiences of environments (e.g. child maltreatment) that offer the ways for which these needs are meet either properly in the course of the growth of relationships or incorrectly in the course of the use of sexual violence (Simons, Wurtele, Durham, 2008. Pg. 549).This denotes that that relying on a response of individuals to the abuse they might perhaps go on to additional abuse. This would as well denote that from a biological sense people who do not have the biological inclination in the direction of having sexual n eeds might either act in response in an additional negative way. The depressing thing concerning this biological inclination in the direction of sexual needs is that they can influence people to such abnormal sexual behavior that they would victimise children.A few of the consequences of sexual trauma can set off additional than what was affirmed other than can as well have brutal psychological effect. This being that the mind can in fact be affected in a means that is where the mind creates ill health. Since of the trauma the self who has experienced it starts to extend symptoms that biologically manifest however is mentally influenced. It is similar to the way that researcher have establish that a cell discipline from its lining in a higher area of stress.This means that when a child is sexually traumatized there are a number of different responses they can go in the course of these responses being anyplace from usual alteration all the means to a psychosomatic chaos. In the cour se of any of these a numeral of behavioral responses might approach depending on the persons inclination which denotes that they might set off on to a life of coping in the course of harmful actions or onto contracting with the trauma and pardoning the accuser. On the whole there is no apparent way to perceive how an individual might act in response to their trauma however for several the result is revealed in the course of compulsive behaviors even shoplifting has been seen as a result. absolute Behavior in Response to TraumaWhen looking at the numerous of obsessive behaviors that are observed about us every day from overgorge to dose abuse what is significant to be noted is that research on substance abusers and female offenders divulges that childhood ordeal is habitually the primary significant index number in the etiology of crime substance and abuse (Caputo 2009. pg. 15). When a research was carried out by Coputo what was significant was that almost half of the section of s ex workers were antecedently sexually abused. Together with sex workers and the do drugs abusers who were previously sexual abused there appears to be a model of whirling to compulsive behaviors as a effect to their trauma. This might be a means of coping or in accord with the medical model what shoved them in the direction of something that they might have been influenced to. In a lot of circumstances this might denote that there is a double diagnosis of sort since subsequent to a period of drug use the people who were abuse not merely require to deal with the abuse nevertheless also the behavior dependency or chemical dependency.ProgramsThere are numerals of programs of child sexual abuse put into practice crosswise the USA, which involves kids aged six to 13, who are the mainly susceptible to sexual abuse by an adult (Kenny et al, 2008, p. 38). Techniques of teaching kids regarding self-protection in opposition to sexual abuse consist of being acquainted with the appropriate name s for body parts, recognizing what is a fair touch and a appalling touch, whom to trust or not, and conversing regarding it with a trusted grown-up (Kenny et al, 2008). Subsequent to self-protection programs participating, children are appraised in the course of a sequence of tests to perceive how a great deal they studied from the programs. Results illustrated constructive effects, which were mainly connected with parental participation in the programs (Kenny et al, 2008, pg. 44).Studies demonstrate that subsequent to the programs, children feel secure and in power of themselves and their surroundings. On the other hand, there were as well unconstructive side-effects, which demonstrated no alteration in sexual behaviors in children, and confusion since of conflict pre-existing facts (Kenny et al, 2008). The programs will not completely get rid of child sexual abuse, other than it will in any case notify children of its hazards by educating them how they can safeguard themselves. Studies suggest that even though a child has a restricted sum of facts of sexual abuse, it may be adequate to admonish a predator from victimizing them (Kenny et al, 2008) .A lot of improvements require being prepared to the programs prior to they can be put into practice into society in general. Consecutively to stop up the dilemma of child sexual abuse, it requires being familiar with all parties that children sexual abuse is a taboo. On the other hand, provided that there are persons who do not suppose in child sexual abuse, these programs of prevention can on no account be totally successful.ConclusionThere is no means to be acquainted with what means that a person would act in response to sexual abuse on the other hand what is apparent is that it can have an extremely disturbing outcome in life of a person. These effects can be observed in the course of behavioral from drug abuse to crime or physical with symptoms of psychosomatic. What is nonetheless factual is that sexual o ffense is one that is a bigger sin. In the course of of the working teaching of sexual abuse the interesting thing is that it is a rising predicament in the world at present. As a result with all this studies in mind it significant for people to be conscious of the addiction and carry on researching ways to treat people who have been abused or are abusing to assist control this outbreak.ReferencesC. A. Arata, (2002). Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Revictimization. American Psychological Association 9, 135-164.D. A. Simons, S. K.Wurtele, , R. L. Durham, (2008). Developmental Experiences of Child Sexual Abusers and Rapists. Child Abuse inadvertence The International Journal, 32, 549-560.G. A. Caputo, 2009. Early Life Trauma Among Woman Shoplifters and Sex Workers. Jouranl of Child and Adolescnent Trauma 2, 15-27. DOI10.1080/19361520802675868P. Carnes, (2001). Out of the shadows. Understanding sexual addiction. (3rd ed.). Hazelden Center City, MI Hazelden.K., Griffee, S. L., OKeefe, S. S., Stroebel, K. W. Beard, S. Swindell, D. H. Young, (2013). Sexual Addiction Compulsivity. The Journal of Treatment Prevention, 19, 225-264. DOI 10.1080/10720162.2012.705140M. C. Kenny, V.Capri , R., R., Thakkar-Kolar, E. E. Ryan, M. K. Runyon, (2008). Child Sexual Abuse From Prevention to Self-Protection. Child Abuse Review, 17(1), 36-54. DOI 10.1002/car.1012.M. R. Laaser, (2004) Healing The Wounds Of Sexual Addiction. imperious Rapids, MI. ZondervanLevine, S. B. (2010). What Is Sexual Addiction. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy, 36, 261-275. DOI 10.1080/00926231003719681R. C. Scaer, (2001). The Body Bears The Burden Trauma, Disassociation, and Disease. London, NY. The Haworth Medical PressY.Selvi , P. G. Ozdemir, A.Atli, , S. G Kiran,. (2011). Traumatic Sexuality After Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse A Case Report With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. Journal Of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 24, 85-88

Freud’s Structure of the Mind Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pap

Freuds Structure of the MindAt the age of 40 in 1896, Sigmund Freud introduced the world to a new term- psychoanalysis (Gay 1). Psychoanalysis is a method of treating patients with different nervous problems by involving them in dialogues which provide the physician with insight into the individuals psyche. These dialogues provided the fundament for Freuds psychoanalytic theory, which attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people ingestion to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges (Weiten 363). Part of this theory involves the structure of the listen. This is a concept that touches on human nature itself and attempts to explain the motives behind human behavior. Freud depict the mind as a tripartite model, a construction consisting of three different elements (Internet Encyclopedia). The first element is the id, which op erates exclusively on the unconscious level. Biological urges, such as the urge to eat, sleep and have sex, drive the id. The id demands that its urges be satisfied immediately. Wayne Weiten, author of Psychology Themes and Variations, writes that The id engages in primary-process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented (364). The second part of the mind is the ego, which operates on the subconscious and conscious levels. The ego is the element that engages in secondary-process thinking, which is relatively rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving (Weiten 364). The ego seeks to satisfy the id, but it also operates fit in to societys rules, customs, and regulations of conduct and take... ...e is featured in either German of English. http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htmThe%20Theory%20of%20the%20UnconsciousThis site provides a description of the tripartite model Freud demonstrable of the mind. It gives a brief descrip tion of the elements of this construct and describes the way these elements interact. Finally, the site discusses the defense mechanisms Freud believed were employed to deal with these conflicting elements. Works CitedGay, Peter. Time 100 Polls- Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Time.com. http//www. cadence.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/freud.html Oct. 5, 2002. Neuroses and the Structure of the Mind. Internet Encyclopedia. http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htmThe%20Theory%20of%20the%20Unconscious Oct. 5, 2002.Weiten, Wayne. Psychology Themes and Variations. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Group, 2002.

Essay example --

Many people, especially women, are plagued with fat storage in their lower bodies including their hips and thighs. Spot reduction isnt possible, and to reduce this dreaded jiggle, you must lose fat from your entire body through diet, cardio and strength training. (See References 1) A daily use plan go off keep you on track, and ensure that youre putting in the work required to reach your goal.Cardio On Most DaysCardio burns calories that can help you lose weight from your entire body including from your wobbly bits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that adults do at least 150 minutes of declare cardio a week. (See References 2) You can accumulate this by scheduling a 30-minute cardio session on five days of the week. Focus on leg-intense cardio that engages your hips and thighs. Go ice skating, jog, mountain pass briskly, take a kickboxing or step-aerobics class, or use a stair climber or an elliptical machine.Strength Training Twice a hebdomadMuscle tissu e burn more calories than fat even when youre resting. (See References 3) To stimulate muscle tissue as y...

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essays -- Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein The characterization of Victors brute, the colossus, in the movie although somewhat dramatically different from Mary Shelleys portrayal in the novel Frankenstein likewise had its similarities. Shelleys views of the monster were to make him seem like a human being, succession the movie gruesomee the monster out to be a hideous creation. The creatures appearance and personality are two aspects that differ between the novel and movie while his intellectual and tender sides were portrayed the same. From the novel the creatures physical appearance is left up to each readers imagination. Shelley wrote His limbs were in proportion, and I had selectedhis features as beautiful. Beautiful Great God His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing his dentition of a pearly whiteness but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of th e same colour as the dun-whitesockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips (p.56). Although I imagined the creature a human being with somewhat distorted features, another reader exponent view his appearance as a grotesque monster. On the other hand, the movie has shown him as a hideous monster created by a mad scientist. The monsters appearance was focused on creating life out of dead body parts, sewing the pieces together that left horrid physical scars, and activation him with electricity. The creatures personality, or actions toward lodge, was displayed as being very calm and compassionate in the novel. He made many attempts to converse with society, but society feared and mistreated... ...survive the cold season. The creature also requested a companion of the opposite sex, so he too could feel love from another instead of supply rejection. At the very end of the novel and movie the creature was caught grieving over the dea th of his creator. Even though we are made to think that the creature was cold and destructive, in the end his human emotions prevailed. The Frankenstein movie focused on outward action scenes rather than emotional themes to make it more popular and entertaining. It also portrayed Victor as a mad scientist engrossed in his desire to create human life. I was very impressed that the movie did asseverate some of the good qualities that came from the novel. I enjoyed the novel more, because it gave me the opportunity to put my imagination to work instead of having to accept someone elses interpretation of Mary Shelleys literary novel.

The Poetry of Langston Hughes :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Poetry of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century in America. Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from office staff to induct with his mother who was separated from his father. During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned human beings who launch an prevail from racism in ranching. With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his first love - the poetry and have sex and blue devils in Harlem. Hughes supported himself in odd jobs such as nightclub doorman and steward while he traveled to places as removed as West Africa, Italy, and Paris. During this time Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His first book of verse was published in 1926. In this work, the rhythmic, melodic constitution of his poetry is evident as is his belief that only by staying conne cted to their Afri foundation roots could African Americans find understanding. We exit this in Cross, My r be man died in a fine big house / My ma died in a shack. / I wonder where Im gonna die, / Being neither white nor glowering? (Langston 2). The poems of Langston Hughes plowshare a relationship in that they most typically depict the African American induce in the midst of an oppressive white mainstream culture. any(prenominal) of the poems are strident political protests or social criticism, while other depicts Harlem life including poverty, prejudice, hunger, hopelessness, and other themes. Hughes tried to maintain an artistic detachment despite his mystifying emotions with note to the feelings expressed in his poems. He tried, though unsuccessfully in some poems, to depict the universal while at the same time specifically development African American issues, themes, and speech. We see this in color, Wear it / Like a banner / For the proud - / Not care a shroud (La ngston 2). We can see in this poem that Hughes work depicts the universal experience of being ostracized or oppressed for what one cannot change, but we also see it is directly targeting the colour experience with such conditions. Hughes poems often have a musical rhythm to them, as his lyrics typically rhyme in the ABAB CDCD ABAB CDCD scheme. The music of Harlem, the spirituals of Negro slaves, and other influences like Walt Whitman and W.The Poetry of Langston Hughes Biography Biographies EssaysThe Poetry of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century in America. Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from place to place with his mother who was separated from his father. During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned man who found an escape from racism in ranching. With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his f irst love - the poetry and jazz and blues in Harlem. Hughes supported himself in odd jobs such as nightclub doorman and steward while he traveled to places as remote as West Africa, Italy, and Paris. During this time Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His first book of verse was published in 1926. In this work, the rhythmic, lyrical nature of his poetry is evident as is his belief that only by staying connected to their African roots could African Americans find understanding. We see this in Cross, My old man died in a fine big house / My ma died in a shack. / I wonder where Im gonna die, / Being neither white nor black? (Langston 2). The poems of Langston Hughes share a relationship in that they most typically depict the African American experience in the midst of an oppressive white mainstream culture. Some of the poems are strident political protests or social criticism, while other depicts Harlem life including poverty, prej udice, hunger, hopelessness, and other themes. Hughes tried to maintain an artistic detachment despite his deep emotions with respect to the feelings expressed in his poems. He tried, though unsuccessfully in some poems, to depict the universal while at the same time specifically using African American issues, themes, and speech. We see this in color, Wear it / Like a banner / For the proud - / Not like a shroud (Langston 2). We can see in this poem that Hughes work depicts the universal experience of being ostracized or oppressed for what one cannot change, but we also see it is directly targeting the black experience with such conditions. Hughes poems often have a musical rhythm to them, as his lyrics typically rhyme in the ABAB CDCD ABAB CDCD scheme. The music of Harlem, the spirituals of Negro slaves, and other influences like Walt Whitman and W.

journalism Essay -- essays research papers

A diarist is someone who works in the parole gathering business, such as a photographer, editor or reporter. Journalism is all around us. It dominates television and surrounds us in the vast let go ofing industry of popularization. Journalism influence our perspectives on issues concerning us. In other words, its undeniable that journalism has a deep impact on our lives. There are two sides to journalism good journalism and unsound journalism. According to K. Minogue, the journalist has the power to mould the information they receive into propaganda or they could just report the news with additions of both side of the story. Journalism could even coiffe a political uproar alike(p) uncovering the Watergate scandal that forced President Nixon of the USA from office in 1974. Hence, it is very important that a journalist follow a code of ethics to maintain peace and harmony among the people. I agree that even though journalists are said to have a freedom of expression or speech, they still have to have public responsibilities. In Singapore, we journalist have to watch what we say in delicate matters like September 11 attacks and the current Japanese China issue. The September 11 attacks may cause our society to be more weary of the Muslims in our society. As journalists, we must we careful not to generalize that all Muslims are extremists. What we can do is to ask our Muslim community on their opinion on the terrorists acts and publish it in the news. Since Singapore is a cosmopolitan city, racial and religious matters must be treated diplomatically and fairly. The other races would then be able to run into the Muslims better. Understanding each other would really help nation building as there is social cohesion and thus Singapore would be a peaceful and harmonious home for all. Honesty is another aspect which is very significant. Journalists should observe the common standards of decency and stand accountable to the public for the honesty and accuracy of their news reports. A journalist should not modify or influence any information that goes into their hands. They could do so by using suggestive words and withholding tax necessary information. Many a time journalists try to create a hype or to make their paper sell like hotcakes by conciliative honesty. In Singapore, it is written in the Singapore Jou... ...ght to a certain extent for journalism around the world especially Singapore. Australia and Singapore differ in kitchen-gardening and governance, hence some of the principles may not work in the latter country. Singapore has to provide more protection in journalism to preserve the divers(a) culture she has. Thus its natural for the government to be more strict by imposing fines if a journalist publish unethical news. This would strengthen the trammel of trust of the people in Singapore. ReferencesGoh C. T. (2004) in International Press insitiute.2004 World Press Freedom Review http//www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Asia/singapor.htmh ttp//www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/feb05/journalism.htmhttp//www.aliran.com/charter/monitors/2004/11/spore-has-more-press-freedom-than-msia.htmlhttp//www.asne.org/index.cfm?id=888http//www.sph.com.sg/http//www.usinfo.pl/aboutusa/media/ethics.htmhttp//www.alliance.org.au/http//www.media-solicitors.co.uk/Lee, KY (2004) in International Press insitiute.2004 World Press Freedom Review http//www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Asia/singapor.htmMinogue, K. Journalism Power without responsibility http//www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/feb05/journalism.htm