Positions During A Childbirth Health And Social Care Essay

BBC universe intelligence ( 2004 ) online article titled, â€Å" Actions urged over painful births † provinces that 40 % of adult females surveyed from the National Childbirth Trust are non encouraged to exchange to a more comfy up right place during childbearing. A representative from the NCT, Belinda Phipps, stresses in the article that presuming a posing, crouching or standing place reduces hurting, anxiousness, and extradural usage. This article besides remarks that placental blood flow is increased as is besides the infinite between pelvic castanetss while presuming an unsloped place ( 2004 ) . The following article from givingbirthnaturally.com, titled â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † states that the grounds for taking a lithotomy place during labour has nil to make with comfort or effectivity for the female parent and foetus, but instead for the physician ‘s convenience ( 2007 ) . In add-on, a supine place may besides take to a excess intercessions, which include usage of forceps, vacuity and episiotomy. The writer besides points out that holding the adult female ‘s legs pulled back during forcing additions emphasis on the perineum and increases hazard of rupturing ( 2007 ) . In contrast, the 2010 article â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † from askamum.co.uk, gives ground to believe that being in a supine place is good. It argues that adult females may experience psychologically more comfy merely because they are more familiar with that place. It besides notes that a sitting place has its drawbacks because it puts greater force per unit area on the tail bone and limits its motion ( 2010 ) .Research ArticlesIn the quantitative survey by Adachi, Shimada and Usui ( 2003 ) , the hurting strength of labour experienced by female parents was evaluated utilizing supine and sitting places. A sample of 39 primiparous and 19 multiparous was used and back and abdominal hurting were measured utilizing a ocular parallel graduated table ( VAS ) . This survey was a nonexperimental retrospective chart reappraisal. The findings reported that there were lower hurting tonss in a sitting place compared to a supine place. The hurting tonss included uninterrupted lumbar and abdominal hurting during labour ; and besides during contractions. Using a 100 millimetre VAS graduated table ; a alteration greater than 13 millimetre in tonss would be more than sufficient for lessened alteration in patient badness ( Adachi, Shimada and Usui, 2003 ) . Although there were no important lessenings in abdominal hurting in either place ; there was a noticeable lessening affecting back hurting greater than 13 millimetres. Restrictions of the survey included that hurting badness was non measured in all phases and stages of labour. The hurting measurings were done for 15 minute intervals and were non administered on a regular basis. This survey besides involved a homogeneous sample in merely one clinic. The correlativity between hurting and parturition places besides is may be weak because it merely two places were used. The strength of this survey is that it used a VAS instrument. The VAS measurement instrument has been validated to reliably step both the quan titative degree of hurting and its badness with dependability. The quantitative survey conducted by Shorten and Donsante ( 2002 ) , examined birth places which influenced perineal cryings. Datas from 2981 vaginal births were analyzed utilizing a nonexperimental design and logical arrested development theoretical accounts. These theoretical accounts were used to categorise the dependent variables as perineal cryings, episiotomies and integral perineum. Each variable was coded as either a 0 ( non ) or 1 ( nowadays ) if a status was present. Findingss for the survey indicated that a correlativity did be between birth place and perineum result at the terminal of labour ( Shorten & A ; Donsante, 2002 ) . The side-lying sidelong place had the highest association with an addition for integral perineum. There was an 84 % opportunity of episiotomy when in the semi-recumbent place. One of the restrictions of the survey was that a randomized controlled test design was non used. An extra restriction was that immaterial variables such as perineum direction ( massage, oils, etc. ) were non recorded during the survey. However, the strength of this survey was the appraisal and designation of factors/variables such as age, birth-attendant, newborn weight, and length of 2nd phase on the chance of tear, episiotomy and integral perineum. The following quantitative survey conducted by Mayberry, Stange, Suplee, and Gennaro ( 2003 ) , studied if low-dose extradural usage affected fluctuations of unsloped places. A sample of 74 primiparous adult females was studied. The survey ‘s design was a nonexperimental descriptive survey with no control group. The findings reported that all 74 adult females were able to presume any of the eight unsloped places in the survey during 1st and 2nd phase of labour. The major restriction of the survey was the usage of a convenience sample, which poses a greater hazard of prejudice and lowers generalisation of consequences. One the strengths of this survey was consistence. Two trained research nurses were the lone 1s allowed to go to attention to all of the 74 survey topics. Besides the survey ‘s sample included adult females of different age, weight and tallness. Another quantitative survey, conducted by Jonge, Rijnders, Diem, Scheepers, and Janssen ( 2009 ) , examined the influence of sociodemographic and labour factors on the choice of delivering places in 2nd phase labour. The design was a nonexperimental retrospective cohort survey which used a postal questionnaire. The sample consisted of 665 low-risk adult females participants who received attention from accoucheuses. The writers found that 30.5 % of the adult females used the supine place along with other places. Of those 203 adult females, 42 % were 36 old ages of age or older and extremely educated ( Jonge et al. 2009 ) . Restrictions to the survey were the information was collected 3-4 old ages after the birth. The long period of clip may hold increased remembrance prejudice and weakened the relationship of variables in the survey. There was besides no information collected on how much control adult females had to take different places. Besides other clinical factors which influence birth places such as foetal weight, place, station, and emphasis were non included in the survey. The survey ‘s strength was that information was merely used if midwife attention began from the start of 2nd phase of labour. The sample composed of patient from eight different obstetrics patterns could besides be considered a strength to the survey because it added fluctuation of race, age, and sociodemographics. In the qualitative survey by De Jonge and Largo-Janssen ( 2004 ) , insight into adult females ‘s experience and influences of birth places were explored during labour. The design was a qualitative cohort pilot survey. Womans were sent a questionnaire and consent signifiers if they wished to take part in one to one interviews for the pilot survey. Twenty adult females agreed to take part in the survey. The pilot survey involved merely the topics and accoucheuses who were present during the labour. Of the 20 adult females, 13 of them used more than one place during the 2nd phase of labour. Ten adult females largely were in the supine place during labour and 11 of the 20 gave birth in that place ( De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen, 2004 ) . Findingss for this survey revealed that 17 of the 20 adult females claimed the accoucheuse as the biggest ground that influences their pick of place. Eleven adult females stated that the type of places used influenced the type of hurting experienced . Eight adult females felt they had more control direction of their labour forcing piece in an unsloped place during the 2nd phase. The survey ‘s strengths were that all interviews were face to face and recorded. To heighten the sum-up of their experience three types of the undermentioned informations were used: interview, questionnaire and background information from the original pilot survey. The survey topics were besides able to take the scene of the interview and were all asked open-ended inquiries. One of the major restrictions of this survey was that the interviewer was the same accoucheuse that had been at that place for their labour. This could hold caused a Hawthorne consequence in the topics ‘ responses. There was about a 7-19 hebdomad spread between the existent labour and the research interview which may hold biased callback.Compare and ContrastIn general, the consumer articles and the research articles both agreed on the benefits and results of utilizing di fferent places other than supine. The BBC consumer article included in their piece an NCT representative ; who stated an unsloped place would be good to cut down hurting and promote comfort ( â€Å" Action urged over painful births † 2004 ) . This concurs with findings by Adachi et Al ( 2003 ) their analysis of average VAS tonss that showed lower hurting tonss for entire hurting and during contractions while in a seated place. A average five point difference in entire hurting for uninterrupted and contraction hurting during labour was reported. The survey ‘s most important findings was a average 12 point difference in tonss for lumbar hurting during the first phase of labour ( 6-8cm dilation ) when in a seated place ( Adachi et al 2003 ) . Another similarity between articles was the perineum result and placement ; this was apparent in the survey by Shorten & A ; Donsante and the consumer article â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † . Shorten & A ; Donsante ‘s ( 2002 ) survey reported the highest rate ( 66.6 % ) for integral perineum was in the sidelong place. The lowest rate ( 42 % ) of the birth places for integral perineum was the squatting place. The rates clearly show an advantage of utilizing the sidelong side-lying place over merely utilizing the semi-recumbent place. This corresponds with the ( â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † 2010 ) recommendation of utilizing different places to diminish likely goon of cryings, episiotomies and utilize excess intercessions. The consumer article â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † besides agreed with the survey by De Jonge et Al. ( 2009 ) . The survey concluded that scenes in which the accoucheuse is the primary attention giver during intrapartum, there was a higher chance of utilizing more than one birth place. De Jonge et Al. ( 2009 ) , qualitative survey besides showed that the nurse accoucheuse is an of import determiner in act uponing birth places. This suggests that the wellness attention professional dramas in important portion in pick of places. â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † besides states that the predominate usage of one place ( largely lithotomy ) is based entirely on convenience for the obstetrician. In add-on, the BBC consumer article states that unsloped places are non encouraged in the West by accoucheurs. Both consumer and primary articles besides agree on comfort and anxiousness being decreased when utilizing different places. Several adult females in the De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen ‘s ( 2004 ) survey claimed to experience more abashed and less comfy chiefly in one place ( supine ) during old labours. In this research study the participants assumed a assortment of places non used in old labours. Towards the terminal of labour, the participant would exchange to the supine place and reported experiencing more comfy utilizing this method. One adult female described her labour experience as: â€Å" the more you can propose yourself, or happen out places for yourself, the better I find it coming to footings with it, instead than person stating, and now lay down and you pushaˆÂ ¦ † ( De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen, 2004 ) . This is similar to BBC ‘s article, in which Belinda Phipps advocates adult female to acquire up and travel about or exchange places instead than merely lying down and waiting. A little figure of dissensions did be between the consumer and research articles over birth places. â€Å" Fixing for & A ; giving birth † notes that several places may non be comfy and may really increase hurting. The standing place is reported to be the most exhausting ; while being in all 4s would most likely cause giddiness. This article besides argues that crouching and kneeling places would besides increase weariness because of the usage of more force in leg musculuss. However the Mayberry et Al. ( 2003 ) survey reported that one of the chief advantage of jumping places is overall maternal weariness is reduced. Although merely two places were used in Adachi et Al. ( 2003 ) survey ; they besides reported overall less hurting tonss for adult females. The usage of extradural anaesthesia was besides a point of dissension between â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † and the survey of Mayberry et Al ( 2003 ) . â€Å" Fixing for & A ; giving birth † encourages that when having epidural the female parent should remain in bed to restrict motion and placement ( â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † , 2010 ) . Mayberry et Al. ( 2003 ) survey reported that 67 % of adult females in the survey labored in two or more places and 21.6 % labored in four or more places. Besides two adult females in the survey were able to walk around after having the epidural. One of the safety issues that were addressed by ( â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † , 2010 ) is that presuming a sitting place may suppress transition for the babe. This is due to the increased force per unit area on the tail bone. It is besides advocated when in a kneeling place to utilize tablets or seeking the place in bed because of the force per unit area on the articulatio genuss. The article besides encourages restricting lying on your dorsum because the weight of the uterus pressure on blood vass and as a consequence may restrict blood supply to the babe. When the female parent has chosen hapless birth places ; the hazard of shoulder dystocia, foetal hurt, and usage of internal monitoring and other complications may increase ( â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † , 2010 ) .Nursing ChallengeA nursing challenge on birth places would most likely occur in the labour and bringing unit and at everyday office visits during gestation. The contention of birth p laces lies in the deficiency of instruction about alternate places and non deficiency of options given by wellness suppliers. Nurses play an of import duty in educating adult females of alternate places and by authorising adult females to do picks. Nurse must be cognizant of each birth place ‘s pros and cons on the foetus and female parent. These issues must be explained clearly in non-jargon footings whenever possible. Questions should be encouraged and developing places in progress can fix the female parent for when labour begins. This requires the nurse to be patient and helpful with the female parent happening the place she is most comfy at the minute. As the labour progresses ; hurting, anxiousness and weariness might increase, so the nurse must back up the female parent psychologically and physiologically.PICO QuestionAfter comparing the diverse point of views of consumer and research articles on birth places a hereafter survey might turn to these issues with adult femal es with multiple foetuss. PICO Question: Do the same benefits of utilizing more than one place during labour in a individual birth use to a female parent of multiple gestations in their first gestation? Population: Mothers in their first gestation with multiple gestations. Intervention: A assortment of different birth places. Comparison: Mothers with multiple gestations that merely used one place during labour. Result: Datas may demo a lessening in perineal cryings, hurting, anxiousness, weariness and addition in comfort for the female parent and foetuss.Decision

Goodbye, Superboy: a Fond Farewell to the Last Romantic Essay

MANILA, August 21, 2003 (STAR) BY THE WAY By Max V. Soliven – Much has been written about Ninoy Aquino, whose name needs no introduction to many of our readers. Commuters pass by his statue daily on Ayala Avenue in Makati’s Golden Mile, and another monument to him in Manila. But monuments and statues, and glowing encomiums do not a hero make. But my thesis is that today, Ninoy is a forgotten hero. There was so much hype in the first halcyon years after the overthrow of the tyrant Ferdinand E. Marcos, and too many silly celebrations, with excessive hoopla, of each succeeding anniversary of the EDSA â€Å"people power† revolution (and then an EDSA II, and, sanamagan, even an EDSA III so-called) that the man whose heroism and sacrifice inspired not merely the first people power barricades, but a national upsurge I prefer to call â€Å"The Spirit of 1986† has been forgotten. These days, in fact, the Filipino spirit has been dampened, our self-confidence crushe d under the weight of each revealed inequity, and tales of resurgent corruption, graft, vaulting ambition — plus the disgraceful debacle of a contrived escape of the Jemaah Islamiyah mad-bomber, Fathur Rohman al-Ghozi, from police â€Å"prison.† This is a time for us to remember a man who believed the Filipino was â€Å"worth dying for,† and from him gather the renewed resolve that the Filipino is worth living for, as well. But let us not sound maudlin. Ninoy would have laughed at such sticky sentimentality. When he was sent by the old Manila Times to cover the Korean War (the 50th anniversary of whose conclusion was just commemorated some weeks ago) he was 17, the youngest correspondent of them all. The Time’s editors Dave Boguslav and Joe Bautista had spotted that gung ho quality in Aquino that was to rocket him to fame — and, in the end, impel him remorselessly to his final rendezvous with treachery at the Manila International Airport. Ninoy was a hard-nosed newspaperman, and what set him apart from so many others was precisely his nose for the news. He had an eidetic memory for facts, figures and detail. â€Å"You get the facts,† Dave Boguslav told him when he sent him off to war, â€Å"and I ’ll take care of the grammar.† Ninoy delivered — and a star reporter was born. Ninoy paid his dues as newsman. He took risks where others preferred to be prudent. For him life was a great adventure — and a short and glorious life better than a long and dull one. God granted him his wish. Everyone has already written a torrent of words about how Ninoy had been a Young Man in a Hurry. He became the youngest town mayor — just a shade underage; the youngest deputy governor, then governor, the youngest Senator (he almost topped the polls, coming in slightly behind late his comprobinsyano, Tarlac’s elder Sen. Jose J. Roy). If a free election had been held in 1973 (but martial law intervened and dashed that prospect), Ninoy — whose only rival in his own Liberal Party was the late Senate President Gerry Roxas — would almost certainly have been elected president. Aquino had that golden tongue to which every politician aspires, but with which only a few are gifted. It goes beyond rhetoric or eloquence on the entablado: a strange power to move hearts, provoke laughter, attract loyalty and affection, whip a crowd up to a frenzy and the fervor of a crusade, inspire hope in listeners miserably perched in the brink of despair. Ninoy was so eloquent in English, Tagalog, Kapampangan, and even Ilocano (his native Tarlac, after all, is a province of three dialects) that he was accused of glibness. He was dubbed â€Å"Superboy,† partly in admiration, party in derision. It took martial law and cruel imprisonment to make us realize that the Boy had become a Man. By a quirk of fate, I was assigned to be his cellmate in the maximum security compound of Fort Bonifacio when we were arrested as â€Å"subversives† in September 1972. Out of the 400 prisoners crammed into the Camp Crame gym, after we had been picked up between midnight and dawn, 11 of us were singled out by name and told by a colonel to step forward. Ninoy had nudged me cheerfully in the ribs and exclaimed in a stage whisper, â€Å"Eto na, eto na! Firing squad na tayo.† (This is it, this is it. We’re going to the Firing Squad). Yet, they didn’t shoot us. They trucked us instead to Fort Bonifacio, where they sent a military chaplain to hear our confessions — thus reinforcing our conviction that we were to be executed. Once more, we were disappointed. All throughout, it was Ninoy, who surely realized he was the number one target, Marcos’ favorite bete noir, the dictator’s pet nemesis, tried to cheer us all up. The days of captivity stretched into weeks, the weeks into months. Nobody who has never been in prison can understand what you suffer from is simply being caged — you suffer from the uncertainty of it all, and from boredom. You never know when your military jailors, who have the power of life and death over you, will drag you out and shoot you, at any hour of day or night. Afte r a while, the world outside becomes a memory — you begin to forget that there are streets with people and vehicles in them, and noise, and hustle and bustle, and bright colors and pretty girls. One gray day follows the other and you learn to live from one day to the next. Yet, I wasn’t bored, because I had Ninoy to entertain me. We talked, we read. We swapped ideas, jokes, argued ideologies. We dreamed dreams. We went jogging during the exercise hour and steeled ourselves to run a mile in seven minutes. It was then that I realized that Ninoy Aquino, for all his wit, his air of bright cynicism, and his veneer of tough political pragmatism, was an incurable romantic. He had visions of the Filipino rising up to overthrow any tyranny. He had pinned his hopes on the Filipino’s love of freedom and his will to resist either coercion or seduction. He had faith in the Filipino. At nightfall, the soldiers — many of them Ilocanos — would come to our barracks-prison and Ninoy would regale them with stories of the Korean War. Or the Vietnam War, which we had both covered. We would talk of the Huk campaign, which we also had covered. Ninoy’s spellbinding recollections were so mesmerizing that after a week or so I had warned him: â€Å"Watch out brod. You will soon be accused of conducting teach-ins. Those guards are beginning to like us too much.† Sure enough, after three weeks, we found a notice on our bulletin board. The guards had all been replaced. The notice said: â€Å"Our guests (yep, that’s what they called us at the â€Å"Bonifacio Hilton†) are requested not to talk to the guards who have been ordered not to talk to them.† â€Å"You see, you see,† I chided Ninoy. â€Å"Those poor fellows have been sent to the battlefront in Mindanao, just because they laughed at your jokes!† When this writer and the rest of us were released, Ninoy and the late Pepe Diokno were left behind, but in separate barracks. Ninoy spent seven years and seven months in solitary confinement. On the front page you’ll find a photograph of the two of us arm in arm with each other. This was taken when he was allowed home at last — under heavy guard — for a brief â€Å"Christmas leave† after seven years in jail. We hugged each other at the entrance of his Times Street home in Quezon City: â€Å"Max, Max,† he laughed. â€Å"How right you were. I thought I would be out in six months or a year because the people would demand for my freedom, but you were the one who told me to dig in for the long haul — I remember you said from five years to 10 years. But you know, prison has been good for me. I have had time to think, to read, to formulate my ideology, to find God. What is ambition? It’s nothing. I have put all ambition away — all we must fight for is for our people to be happy, and to be free.† We talked about proposing a formula for a return to free elections to Marcos. He had written Marcos a letter, he said, suggesting national reconciliation. Everybody knows the rest. Aquino, after his two-week furlough, went back to his lonely prison. He suffered a heart attack. Worried about international reaction, particularly the reproof of the American government (although President Ronald Reagan and Nancy were good friends of Macoy and Imelda) they let Ninoy go off to Texas, and exile, for an emergency heart operation. We warned him not to return. I told him, â€Å"They will kill you.† But on Aug. 21, 1983, a Sunday, he came home to die in his own country. In a last interview with Radio Veritas, Aquino had declared: â€Å"Kamatayan lamang ang makapipigil sa akin (Only death could stop me from coming home).† Most politicians bet on a sure thing. Ninoy gambled on the goodness and sense of decency of the Filipino. A pragmatist would have kept himself safely in the United States preserving his life â€Å"until a better day.† But Ninoy was a romantic who believed that promises must be kept, pledges must be redeemed, and death — if awaited him — must be faced in order to show the people that there are things more important than life. When he died, I penned an adieu entitled: â€Å"Goodbye, Superboy! A Fond Farewell to the Last Romantic.† Thus the title of this piece. Yet, I hope Ninoy was not the last romantic — for such romantics are what we desperately need in these painful days of harsh and bitter realities. Someone once said that it is far better to soar with the eagles, braving the hunter’s gun, than to scratch on the ground with the chickens. The hunter’s gun finally found Ninoy Aquino at the airport which now bears his name. His spirit was freed to soar among the stars. I am proud to have known him. To have been touched by him. To remember him now.

God is omnipotent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

God is omnipotent - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of omnipotent and evil. The word omnipotent is derived from Omni- denoting â€Å"all† and potent referring to â€Å"power.† As to obtain in attributes of omnipresence and omniscience and, it subsequent that, if God is immeasurable, and if He is supreme ruler, which believers know He is, then He ought to also be omnipotent. God has all authority over all creatures and things at all times and in all manners. On this basis, it is right to question why evil exists while the creator of everything is so good. In the philosophy of religion or believers, the predicament of evil is the issue of how to resolve the reality of evil with that of a divinity that is, in either relative or absolute expression, omniscient, omnipotent, or omnibenevolent.   This is an argument from the evil effort to demonstrate that the co-existence of wickedness and such a deity is improbable or unworkable if placed in total terms. Efforts to show the diver gent have conventionally been debated under the heading of theodicy. A wide variety of responses have been provided to the predicament of evil. These comprise the clarification that God's works of creation as articulated in the Pentateuch and God’s act of verdict are the identical act. God's disapproval of evil is supposed to be expressed and executed in his created universe; a judgment that is inexorable due to God's all potent, self-originated determination; a stable and eternal verdict that becomes proclaimed and communicated to other individuals on Judgment Day.... The problem of evil existence while God is all powerful has made many critics dispute the omnipotence of God. However, according to theology God’s omnipotence is revealed many times in the bible. This is revealed when Job spoke of God’s authority as illustrated in verse two of chapter 42. Job wrote that he knew that God is able to do all and that no strategy of God can be stopped. Job was admitting God’s omnipotence in executing His plans. Moses also was told by God that He had every authority to finish His purposes concerning the Israelites: this is illustrated when the LORD asked Moses whether Lord’s arm was too short. The Lord demonstrated his power to Moses and Israelites in many occasions and many ways. Creation story reveals God’s omnipotence than any other place in the bible. Nowhere is God’s omnipotence demonstrated more obviously than in creation. God commanded creation by uttering words such as â€Å"Let there be† it happened according to Genesis 1:3, 6, and 9. Man requires tools and materials to generate or develop; God simply uttered words, and by the power of His utterance, all things were created from void. It is written that by the God’s word were the heavens developed, their glittery host by the breath of God’s mouth according to Psalm 33:6. Lord’s power is also demonstrated in the conservation of His creation. All existence on earth would die were it not for His persistent provision of all creations require for food, shelter and clothing, all from renewable materials sustained by His authority as the conserver and preserver of human being and beast (Psalm 36:6). The water bodies (seas), which enclose most of the universe, and over which people and other creations are

My proposal for a new system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My proposal for a new system - Essay Example iece of the proposal is to make health insurance affordable for all Americans so that it serves as an extension of social security in times of distress. At present health insurance coverage of American citizens is covered by their employers, which puts them in danger of losing insurance along with their jobs. With the global economic recession more acute here in the U.S., the country has seen unprecedented numbers of job losses in the last few months. Not since the Great Depression of the 1930s did the nation confront such a disaster. It is true that a comprehensive revamp of the healthcare system at a time of economic turmoil is not practically feasible. But research conducted by the Commonwealth Fund indicates that extending insurance coverage to all American citizens would only cost an additional $104 billion for the federal government. While this may seem a huge sum in isolation, it is significantly smaller compared to the $700 billion rescue plan that the new President got ratified by Congress. In other words, my proposal for a new healthcare system endorses the implementation of the promised â€Å"universal healthcare† plan of Barack Obama. Nobel Prize winning economist Paul Krugman also supports this proposal and adds that â€Å"it is true that the cost of universal health care will be a continuing expense, reaching far into the future. But that has always been true†¦and the temporary expenses of his stimulus plan shouldn’t change that calculation† (Krugman, 2009). This $104 billion proposal for universal health insurance coverage would have the added benefit of stimulating the economy. In other words, the proposed tax-cuts as part of the Obama Administration’s stimulus package could instead be substituted with health insurance provisions for American citizens across the socio-economic spectrum, thereby solving two problems at once – health care and economic crisis. And more importantly, by virtue of being applicable across social, economic

Economics of exchange rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of exchange rates - Essay Example Operating under such a business scenario is too risky for any business. This is because, regardless of how much sales a business makes, and regardless of how much a business tries to minimize its costs and expenditures, it will always find itself on the receiving end, where its performance is not dependent on its efficiency or effectiveness but rather on the behavior of the foreign exchange markets (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, p. 83). XJP receives virtually all its supplies directly from J&J Ltd, which, in turn, invoices all the costs and expenditures in Euros. On the contrary, XJP makes its sales in Chinese Renminbi. Therefore, it has to convert the income made from the sales from the Chinese currency into the Euros so that it can submit its payment to J&J Ltd. This means that the amount XJP pays to J&J is not solely dependent on the value of the supplies it receives from this company, but also on the rate at which the Chinese currency exchanges for the Euro.... However, if the foreign currency gains over the local currency, XJP will be forced to pay the cost of supplies at higher costs. This will in turn reduce its profit margin (Moffett, Stonehill & Eiteman, 2008, p. 254). Therefore, system through which XJP and J&J structure and manage their currency exposure is not suitable for the business, since it influences their performance and growth negatively. This is because, even when they apply suitable strategies to grow their business and increase their profitability, it is not possible to achieve their targets, since the target will always depend on the exchange rates (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, p. 90). Therefore, the most suitable way for them to structure their business is employ a system that allows XJP to purchase and pay for its supplies using the local currency. This will serve to remove the uncertainty involved in the operation of the foreign currency markets, making it possible for the business to Strategize on improving its profitabilit y and consequently achieving the desired growth (Coyle, 2000, p. 41). Case Question 2: The situation in which XJP finds itself is very different from that of other foreign subsidiaries owned by J&J worldwide. This is because, while the other foreign subsidiaries are decentralized, allowing them to take responsibility of their own structure from top to bottom, the case is different for XJP. The organizational structure of XJP is characterized by a lot of control from its parent company. Thus, XJP is not capable for planning and procuring its own supplies, inclusive of the raw material, but instead depends on J&J to supply it accordingly (Moffett, Stonehill & Eiteman, 2008, p. 255). This arrangement might be beneficial for enhancing

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example This issue raises a number of specific questions regarding ethics and morality. Discussion There are a number of considerations when evaluating the ethics and morality of the free market. Classic economic theory rooted in Adam Smith largely painted free market economics not only as an ethical and moral system, but as the necessary processes that occurred during transactions (Scott 2004, p. 34). Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ posited that the invisible hand of the market would, eventually rectify supply and demand factors, as well as immoral business practices (Scott 2004, p. 34). While to an extent it’s clear that modern economic systems abide by Smith’s invisible hand of the market, there are further ethical and moral constraints that are not entirely articulated by Smith’s theory. From an overarching perspective one of the prominent criticisms has emerged from 19th century thinker Karl Marx. Marx not only criticized the free market, but the entire ty of the capitalist system (Scott 2004, p. 70). This perspective considered that capitalist operations resulted in the increased exploitation of workers. In this sense, the very notion of ‘profit’ is the extraction of value from the employee’s portion of work. ... In the modern Western world one of the most prominent examples of this occurred with Standard Oil who had consolidated the petroleum industry in the 20th century; this organization was later divided into smaller subsidiaries as a means of allowing for increased competition (Shaw 2009, p. 45). There is the recognition that if the government was to allow unhinged capital expansion and the development of monopolies and oligopolies then there would be a corresponding increase in prices. Without competition businesses have no motivation towards lower prices. Strictly speaking this perspective eschews traditional notions of the free market as operating without government regulation. This recognition then would simply posit free market economics as an unethical system as it limits fair competition. Another prominent consideration within the ethics and morals of the free market system are considerations related to the environment and social welfare. In terms of the environment many industrie s have a potential considerable impact on environment sustainability. Most prominently one recognizes these industries with petroleum companies that have been involved in costly oil spills or other processes of environmental degradation. Another prominent consideration involves companies that produce high amounts of pollutants. Notably, in regions such as China such pollution has resulted in considerable degradation to the skyline and available oxygen (Mathews 1997; Gray 2006; Gray 2002). Finally, there is the consideration of wage rates. Most prominent in emerging economies such as China, but also in the developed world, are concerns related to factory labor. Replete with poor wages and long hours these

Journal Article Research and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Article Research and Analysis - Essay Example Heneman (2002), states that for human resources compensation is the prime source that enables companies to attract and retain talents, thus the compensation management is a critical component of human resource management and of the entire organization. The importance of compensable factors, such as knowledge required by position and skills requirements, problem solving and accountability (Jones, Steffy & Bray, 1991) are dictated by the complex decisions that executives should make in order to positively impact company’s recruitment and retention efforts and to reach organizational goals. Therefore, choosing a compensation strategy is one of the main human resource decisions made by any organization. The development of such strategy is highly important because it promotes employee recruitment, retention, motivation and good performance thanks to the set of offerings that a company makes. However, not every organization compensates its employees or uses compensation strategically. While wages and benefits policies are used without strategical intentions, compensations instead are aimed to improve morale, reduce employees’ turnover and help achieve targets within an establishment (Das & Baruah, 2013). However, as stated by Hong, Hao, Kumar, Ramendran and Kadiresan (2012), compensation is not one of the main factors that impact the employees’ turnover despite being a critical factor in reducing managerial turnover. When determining the compensable factors, the developers should consider such policy choices as internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contributions and the management of the pay system. As internal alignment deals with the pay relationships within the organization, it dictates the level of skills and knowledge that are needed, thus the compensation and benefits programs are granted for the special set of such skills. As companies are facing severe competitiveness, they should offer applicants such compensation packages that

Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Addiction - Essay Example (Pharmaenergy, 2008) Sleeplessness, lack of appetite, tremors, convulsions, hallucination, continuous sweating, and/or death caused by liver cirrhosis or heart diseases. (Drug Abuse Help, 2008; Addiction Research Foundation, 2003) Sleep disturbances, emotional and physical irritation, the sudden loss of appetite, nervousness, excessive sweating, anxiety, including some occasion of upset stomach, tremors, and chills (Drug Info, 2008) Increased level of anxiety, headache, extreme anxiety, tension, sleepiness, weak and poor muscle coordination, confusion, irritability, becoming dizzy, and having an impaired judgement among others (Novus - Medical Detox Centers, 2007). Immediate withdrawal from the use of Dormicum leads to unexplainable seizures in case the patient has a history of epilepsy. (Pills for All, 2008) Q.2 Michael gives a history of continual use during the past year of Subutex, Dormicum, Cannabis, and alcohol. He insists that he can â€Å"get off them all† by himself. You need to explain to him the special danger of withdrawal from one of the four drugs he is abusing. Identify the drug and give reasons why withdrawal from this drug can be dangerous? Subutex ® is a buprenorphine hydrochloride product that is commonly used in treating heroin which is also known as opioid or opiate drug addiction. (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 2008; Patient UK, 2008) The over use of Subutex will not cause serious organ damage but it can increase the patient’s risk to develop liver-related diseases (CSAT Buprenorphine Information Center, 2008). The problem with Michael’s case is that he is abusing the intake of Subutex with the use of heroin, alcohol intake and other drugs. As a precautionary measure, Michael should be informed that the overdose of using Subutex can be fatal especially when used with a tranquilizer

Ree speech on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ree speech on the Internet - Essay Example This is why terror groups use the internet to upload images of inhuman executions and issue terror threats with intent of causing panic and disruption of normal day to day operations. When such information is posted on the internet, it is quickly distributed to countless individuals through social media and other platforms such as email. This makes it impossible to extract such information from the public domain. With restrictions, such information cannot be uploaded to the internet since the source will be afraid that the information will be easily traced to him if control mechanisms are installed. This enhances the security situation of a country and the world at large. Secondly, the internet has been changed into an immoral world where materials such as hate speech, pornography and other lewd materials can be carelessly made available to the general public including underage children. Hate speech is capable of causing public unrest to the extent of causing riots and civil unrest. Unrestricted postage of pornography leads to moral decay since children who frequent the internet are bound to land onto this content. With restricted free speech on the internet, individuals issuing hate speech can be easily be traced for prosecution. Pornographic material made available to the general public including under age children can be controlled and minimized for the benefit of the society. Last but not least, the internet’s purpose is diluted when unrestricted free speech is allowed. Unrestricted speech means that information can be made available to a target audience without confirmation of how legit it is. The internet is an important tool for passing out information. With unrestricted free speech, the internet’s credibility and purpose of sharing information is jeopardized. Establishment of some level of restriction ensures that information

Supply and Demand Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply and Demand Concepts - Assignment Example The price floor of 16 create a surplus of 4000 in the tablet market. Price floor alters the forces of demand and supply in the market (Bhaskar, 1997). In a natural case, the tablet would be selling at 12, but the price floor of 16 prompt the producer to produce more due to the high return expected in the market. On the other hand, consumer would be hesitant to buy at 16 thus, making the market have a surplus of 4000. Price ceiling is maximum price set for a specific good to help the citizen afford at a considerable price lower than the market value. In the tablet market, market price ceiling will create a shortage in the market as a supplier would not be willing to supply a tablet at a price lower than the market price. For this case where price ceiling is set at price $8, the market will experience a shortage of 4000 tablets. The purpose of price ceiling is to bring equity among all customers. A drop in price for the tablet by 50% would alter the market equilibrium. People will demand more tablet than before and the supply for the same will decrease as the prices drops from $12 to $6. The ultimate impact is a downward shift in the demand curve. The market for tablet will have more demand than the supply of table. This scenario is what is referred to as shortage in the market. In cases, all thing are kept constant when price decreases; the market will have to endure with shortages of tablet as the demand will not be met by the available supply. However, according to the laws of demand a reduction in price dictate that the quantity supplied would also reduce. Thus, the supply curve shift to the left and the market will return to the equilibrium price. An increase in income for the tablet consumer would shift the demand curve to the right (other thing constant). Increase in customer’s income leaves them with extra money after their other expenditure to buy tablets and thus increase the demand for tablet. However, because the market for tablet is free

Meaning of Life and Adult Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Adult Essay Like most people, I had the urge to grow up quickly. Despite the constant â€Å"they grow up so fast† from relatives, it was not fast enough for me. I used to say, â€Å"I can’t wait until I grow up,† usually when I was frustrated with my mom’s strict rules. I fantasized about living a posh life, walking under the warm sun wearing designer shades with my athletic boyfriend before stopping at a restaurant and drinking expensive wines without my mom nagging me. My fantasy would abruptly end when my mom shattered my thoughts by reminding me that it was getting late and I had not yet started my homework. Sigh. Through my own experiences—wearing excessive makeup to make myself appear older and dating older guys and enlightenment, my views of being an adult have changed. Adulthood is something that will occur whether we are ready or not. College is a big leap that forces people into that transition from childhood to the beginning of adult life, especially if you are going to be living on campus. In college, I will have to cook and clean and care for myself. I will no longer have my mom telling me to avoid certain people, not to procrastinate and to make the right decisions. However, I will be able to keep the advice my mom has instilled in me so far, even when we are apart, although it may be hard to do so with the partying and alcohol and stress of college. Legally, being an adult could mean being 18, yet there is no way that minute that distinguishes someone from being 17 on one day and 18 the next can determine their adulthood. Being an adult comes gradually as people take responsibilities for their actions, take care of priorities and look out for themselves with limited support of others. Adulthood is not determined by age or ability to bear children or being physically developed. I know people older than 18 who have not yet obtained these traits and I’ve seen many teen moms dependent on their parents to support the baby. I will be an adult when I am able to make the right decisions determined by my morals that I have acquired over my years, when I understand the repercussions of my actions, when I am self-sufficient or accept limited help from parents or friends, and when I care not only for myself but others. The closer I get the more frightened I become. Now I’m in no rush to become an adult. I will take advantage of my mom’s guidance and housing and rules for as long as I can. I will enjoy the moment I am in and embrace my life when I am an adult. What does make you a grown-up? Is it moving out of the house? Hitting a certain age? Having a relationship? Getting a job? How is it that we can do those things, that we consider to be â€Å"adult†, but we still feel like kids? Or that we feel like grown-ups, were certainly old enough, but we havent seemed to have accomplished any of those things â€Å"grown-ups† have done? For me being an adult is a compilation of various features and components and is more or less a personal achievement. There is no exact pattern of becoming an adult as every single person has their own way of improvement. But you always have to make that first step that draws the beginning of your self-improving. There are a number of abilities I believe you have to acomplish in order to even begin to get closer to being an adult. The ability of making reasonable decisions for yourself and people around you, being able to take responsibility for your actions, able to make the most of what you have and try to improve yourself in any possible way. Becoming an adult is a journey everyone should make at a certain moment in order to become the most they can be, to grow as an individual – mentaly and spiritually. Many people find it rather difficult and they [continues] There is no clear determinant for determining when a person becomes an adult, Some say it’s when you turn eighteen others say it’s when you get your drivers license. One thing is for sure though to become an adult you must be mature and ready to take on the world. Being an adult means achieving a separate identity, being able to support your self and/or your family financially, and being able to provide yourself with a house or a place to call home. Adulthood consists of many different aspects, and is not an easy part of life. To become an adult you must achieve a separate identity. Erik Erickson a Austrian psychologist defined identity as â€Å"a sense of self part from one’s family. † This means to be an adult you must become independent so that you will be provided the opportunity to learn and take responsibility for your own lives. Young adults need to know who they are in order to be self-dependent, they also need to know their strengths and weaknesses, and the values they consider to be important to them. People never seem to quite understand the meaning of being an â€Å"adult†. I myself am not very sure of the full meaning of it. It has always seemed to me that age is irrelevant. You can be 12 and understand things better than a 30-year-old or you can be 40, have two PhD’s and still wonder if pigeons are migratory birds. Many people my age think that getting out of their parents’ house is an act of maturity but how does changing your situation prove that you are an â€Å"adult†? If they run away from home it is more likely to lose themselves trying to cope alone and underprepared with the difficulties in life. To become an adult you must achieve a separate identity. Still everyone perceives the world and every thought in it through their own consciousness.

Competition in Public Health

Competition in Public Health Introduction Public health was established by the Romans as they thought that sanitation would lead to good health.The Romans made associations between causes of ailment and methods of deterrence. as a consequence they developed a large structure of Public Health works around their empire.The Romans thought that Prevention of illness was more imperative than cure of disease. Roman Philosophy was based along the lines of probing for a motive then establishing a preventative measure to reduce the risk involved. As a practical people they used remarks of the environment to determine what was causing ill health. This form of experimental observation led the Romans to understand that death rates were higher in and around marshes and swamps.The remedy would then be based upon judgment. The Romans, being technologically suitable, resolved to offer clean water through aqueducts, to eliminate the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and to cultivate a system of public toilets throughout their tow ns and citys. Personal hygiene was reinvigorated through the building of large public baths.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth) In some ways, public health is a recent concept, although it has roots in ancient times. From the beginnings of human evolution, it was recognized that unclean water and lack of suitable waste disposal spread vector-borne diseases. Early religions attempted to controlbehaviour that precisely related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviours, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. The creation of governments placed accountability on leaders to cultivate public health policies and agendas in order to gain some indulgent of the causes of disease and thus safeguard social stability opulence, and maintain order.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth). In America, public health worker Dr. Sara Josephine Baker dropped the infant mortality rate using preventative means. She established many agendas to help the poor in New York City keep their infants hale and hearty. Dr. Baker led teams of nurses into the crowded communities of Hells Kitchen and taught mothers how to dress, feed, and wash their babies. After WWI many states and countries followed her example in order to lower infant mortality rates.During the 20th century, the intense increase in average life span is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of infectious diseases, effective safety policies such as motor-vehicle and occupational safety, improved family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, anti-smoking measures, and programs designed to decrease chronic disease.( American Journal OF Public Health, 2005). What does the meaning of public health? If community nurses are to be involved in public health work some understanding of its meaning is required. Perhaps the key term is the organised efforts of society, implying some collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole Bonita, 1997). This can mean the partnerships and combinedtactics the government is so keen on to stimulate health, like the health action zones or health living centres. Nurses involved in public wellbeing work need to focus on the health of local communities, groups and populations, not on individuals or families. When trying to identify the health needs of local communities, approaches using both art and science come in. Beaglehole and Bonitas (1997) suggest both a qualitative (art) and quantitative (science) approach can be taken in identifying health needs. The foundation stone of the quantitative approach to public Competetion: Most of the day-to-day business of the organization, and around three quarters of the funding, is administered by district health boards (DHBs). DHBs plan, accomplish, provide and purchase health services for the population of their district to ensure services are arranged excellently and proficiently for all of New Zealand. This includes funding for primary care, hospital services, public health services, aged care services, and services provided by other non-government health providers including MÄ ori and Pacific providers. Health targetsare reviewed annually to ensure they align with health priorities. The current targets are listed below. *Shorter stays in emergency departments 95 percentof patients will be admitted, discharged, or transferred from an emergency department within six hours. *Improved access to elective surgery The volume of elective surgery will be increased by at least 4000 discharges per year. *Shorter waits for cancer treatment All patients, ready-for-treatment, wait less than four weeks for radiotherapy or chemotherapy. *Increased immunisation 90 percentof eight months olds will have their primary course of immunisation (six weeks, three months and five months immunisation events) on time by July 2014 and 95 percent by December 2014. *Better help for smokers to quit 95 percentof hospitalised patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in public hospitals and 90 percentof enrolled patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in general practice are offered brief advice and support to quit smoking. Within the target a specialised identified group will include progress towards 90 percentof pregnant women (who identify as smokers at the time of confirmation of pregnancy in general practice or booking with Lead Maternity Carer) are offered advice and support to quit. *More heart and diabetes checks 90 percentof the eligible population will have had their cardiovascular risk assessed in the last five years. (health.govt.nz) New Zealand permanent residents New Zealand citizens (including those from the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau) Australian citizen or permanent resident who has lived, or intends to live, in New Zealand for two years or more Work visa holder eligible to be in New Zealand for two years or more People aged 17 years or younger, in the care and control of an eligible parent, legal guardian, adopting parent or person applying to be their legal guardian Interim visa holders New Zealand Aid Programme student receiving Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding Commonwealth scholarship students Foreign language teaching assistant Refugees and protected persons, applicants and appeallants for refugee and protection status, and victims of people trafficking offences If you are living in the Netherlands or you are paying income-tax in the Netherlands you are required to procure a health insurance at a Dutch insurance company. In the past there was a difference between public and private healthcare in the Netherlands. This however has been changed and everybody is now required to purchase basic health insurance. The basic packageThe government has put together a basic package that covers about the same as the previous system. Health insurance companies are legally obliged to offer at least this basic package and can not reject anybody who is applying for it. With the basic package you are covered for the following:Medical care, including services by GP’s, hospitals, medical specialists and obstetricians Hospital stay, Dental care (up until the age of 18 years, when 18 years or older you are only covered for specialist dental care and false teeth), Various medical appliancesVarious medicines, Prenatal care,Patient transport (e.g. ambulance), Paramedical careYou can decide to purchase additional insurance for circumstances not included in the basic package. However, in this case insurance companies can reject your application and they have the right to   determine the price. If you are working for a company in the Netherlands, consider purchasing a collective health insurance policy, this can be a good option as it is often cheaper. However, you are not obliged to buy such a policy when it is offered to you and your employer is not obliged to make you an offer. Ask your employer about the possibilities.Fees of the basic packageThe fees for the basic health insurance package are annually determined by the health insurance companies and are normally approximately â‚ ¬95 per month. Although the Ministry of Health (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport)determines a standard premium, the insurance companies determine the additions fee you will have to pay in the end by charging a certain rate and Foreigners are also entitled to this grant if they qualify.Children under the age of 18 years do not have to pay any health insurance and are insured for free for the basic package of health care.(justlanded.com) References: Retrieved from health.govt.nz Retrieved from justlanded.com

Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis

Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis Plants occur around the world in a wide variety of environments. Plants are able to adapt to their surroundings because of photosynthesis. What affects the rate of photosynthesis? First, one must be able to identify what photosynthesis is. Photosynthesis is processing light. The formula for photosynthesis is 6H2O + 6CO2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C6 H12O 6 + 6O 2. This ultimately means that water and carbon dioxide produce sugar as the plants energy, then the plant releases oxygen and water stays in the roots of the plant. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast and chlorophyll will not absorb green light, therefore, while all the colors like violet, indigo, blue, yellow, orange, and red are being absorbed by the tree, green is being reflected that being the reason why plants are green. Proposed Explanation Different shades of light affect the rate of photosynthesis. The dependent variable for this hypothesis was the plants that we used. The independent variable was the different shades of light which were green, blue, and yellow. We placed each plant under each shade of light to get more accurate results. The control was just the normal experiment where we placed each plant under the light without any shade of light. We chose this experiment because plants do not absorb green light, they reflect it. So we figured different shades of light would have a direct affect on the rate of photosynthesis. Fertilizer has a direct effect on the rate of photosynthesis. The dependent variable for this hypothesis were different plants from experiment one. The independent variables were the different amounts of fertilizer we added to each plant. The control for this experiment was testing each plant without any fertilizer. After we tested the control, we added 100mL, then 105mL, then 110mL to each pla nt after each test. We chose to test the affects has fertilizer on photosynthesis, because fertilizer helps plants grow, therefore we believe photosynthesis would take place at a faster pace. Baking soda has an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. The dependent variable for this experiment was three different plants than the ones used in experiment two. The independent variables were the amounts of baking soda added to each plant. The control for this experiment was testing each plant without any baking soda. Then we put one pinch in each plant then tested it, then we added another pinch to each plant and tested it, then we added another pinch to each plant for a total of three pinches to complete our experiment. We chose to test the affects baking soda has on photosynthesis because if we add baking soda it will make carbon dioxide which ultimately allows the rate of photosynthesis to increase. Predicted Results The majority of our experiments that we were going to conduct we felt we would have a pretty common sense idea of the outcomes. Here since we are testing the amount of oxygen produced in our three different hypothesis, we will first try the different shades of light, different amounts of fertilizers, and if the amount of baking soda has anything to do with the plants photosynthesis. Our first hypothesis was the different shades of light would affect the amount of oxygen produced by the plants submerged in the water. First we would do our controlled experiment of no light shade. Here we would predict that the plant would absorb some of the colors which in return would produce an average amount of oxygen. We predicted that if the shade of light shined on the plant was green then the outcome of the oxygen produced would be fairly low since plants tend to reflect green light away from them. After we would test the green light we would move onto the yellow light. Here we predicted that the plant would produce a nice amount of oxygen since the plant absorbs multiple colors besides green and relatively absorbs yellow more since the majority of light given off the sun is yellow. Next we would try the blue light. We felt that since the light was going to be blue that the oxygen produced would be fairly low because the light absorbed from the plants tends to be higher in the yellow and orange areas. The next set of predicted results would be if the amount of fertilizer added to the plants would affect the amount of oxygen given off. Since fertilizers are used to help plants grow and photosynthesize we felt that maybe fertilizer will also increase the amount of oxygen created. We felt that the more fertilizer that was added then the more oxygen would be produced. First we will do our control of no fertilizer added. Here again we feel that the plant would just give off a normal or average amount of oxygen off. If we added 100 ml of fertilizers to the plants we predicted that a low amount of oxygen would be given off. Only because we predicted that a higher amount of fertilizer would increase the amount of oxygen. Next we would give an extra 50 ml of fertilizer to the plants. Since more fertilizer was added again we predicted that an increase of oxygen would occur. Finally an additional 50 ml of fertilizer was added. Here since that is 200 ml we predicted that the amount of oxygen given off would at least be doubled from the 100 ml that was added earlier meaning that this should be a higher amount of oxygen produce overall. Lastly we would predict the baking soda amounts and the oxygen produced. The reason we chose to test the baking soda is because if introduced to the water near the plant this would increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed from the plant. The more carbon dioxide absorbed, the more bubbles created by the plant. This would be our weakest hypothesis because we feel that the amount of carbon dioxide received would not really reflect the amount of oxygen produced because our original instinct was that it would have to do with light absorption. First we would test the controlled experiment of having no baking soda added at all. Once again our predicted result would be that an average or normal amount of oxygen would be produced. Next we would try adding a pinch of the baking soda to the water where the plant is. Here we would predict that little or no change would occur to the plant oxygen production. Actual Results After completing our multiple tests, we found that the majority of our predicted results were actually correct. After doing the control experiment, we realized without having anything enhance the plants that there was an average of 11 to 13 bubbles produced within a minutes span. Our first hypothesis, different shades of light, was what we really felt strong about and also was the one we felt would prevail to be the best supported. And that is was. Since plants have a higher preference to absorb yellow light we predicted that it would produce the most oxygen under the yellow film. That it did, the yellow produced the most oxygen bubbles out of all the different shades of light. The different films in general produced the most oxygen bubbles. Our third trial that we did seemed to produce an unusual amount compared to the rest. Underneath the yellow film in one minute it produced 79 oxygen bubbles. This was inconsistent with the rest of our results. Next we did the second hypothesis wh ich was fertilizer effected the amount of oxygen produced. Earlier explained, fertilizer is used to increase the rate at which plants photosynthesize by providing the nutrients needed. The plants really were not affected at all from the fertilizer producing an average amount equal to the control. The average was at 13 bubbles a minute and was the same throughout all three trials. Our third hypothesis, carbon dioxide effects the amount of oxygen produced was also at a low average of 11 to 13 bubbles a minute. This experiment really held no inconsistencies as well. All together we felt that the different shades of light had to do a lot with the amount of oxygen produced and now we feel this hypothesis was supported through the amount of oxygen bubbles that were produced. Here we have a graph that shows the average amount of bubbles that were produced in each trial(s). Conclusion The first of our hypotheses we tested for was that different shades of light affect the rate of photosynthesis. Based on our experimental results our data supported our first hypothesis, because for all of the different light shades we used in our experiment each of the plants for the most part produced either more or less oxygen bubbles than the control, supporting that light shades do in fact effect the rate of photosynthesis. Our data showed that plants tend to photosynthesize at the fastest rate in yellow light than anything else as they produced the most amount of oxygen bubbles in the amount of time. The test results could easily be reproduced to produce the same results if the given materials were the same and more trials were to be done with more plants to make sure that the experiment was not a fluke. The first possible margin for error in these tests is the size, and condition of the plant. This causes a problem, as the plants could be larger possibly absorbing more carbon dioxide, which means more oxygen bubbles would be produced. The plant also could be less fresh possibly producing less oxygen. The second margin for error is the type of light, which in turn would affect possibly the heat of the water maybe having an effect on the photosynthesis rate. The last margin for error is miscalculating the time on either the preparation period, or the observed time allowing for more bubbles to be produced. The addition of fertilizer effects the rate of photosynthesis was our second hypothesis, this hypothesis was not supported by our hypothesis, because the results were so varied that it was nearly impossible to tell whether the addition of fertilizer affected the rate of photosynthesis in any way. The reason that we have came to this conclusion was because though at 100ml each of the plants produced a lower oxygen amount when we tested for the 110ml the results were near identical to the control, meaning that fertilizer did not affect the rate of photosynthesis. This is a simple experiment to conduct and could easily be repeated for the same results, given that our procedure was executed as it shouldve been. The results could also be because we added the fertilizer in a large amount then added only small 5ml amounts for the other two trials which might not have made much of a difference. A better way to conduct this wouldve been to start by adding 50ml of the fertilizer, then 100ml then 150ml, which have a greater difference between them than 5ml intervals, so if the fertilizer was to make a difference it would become more apparent at which level the fertilizer caused the plants to demonstrate that change in photosynthesis rate. Another could be possible incorrect measurement of the fertilizer into the plants, which would provide one or more, more or less fertilizer than the other plants, corrupting the experiment. This causes a problem because it would make it so that different levels of fertilizer concentrations were in each of the plants, giving each a different level of nutrients. The plants too may not have had enough time to fully absorb the fertilizer into their roots, making it s o that there would appear to be no change in the rate at which each plant photosynthesizes. The last hypothesis we tested for was that the addition of baking soda to the plants water would affect the rate of photosynthesis. This hypothesis was supported, because the plants produced more bubbles when carbon dioxide was added to the water than the control which contained none. Our research showed that adding baking soda in fact did increase the rate of photosynthesis, because through the control all of the plants did not produce more than 3 oxygen bubbles, but when baking soda was added the plants created more oxygen, thus supporting that adding baking soda to the plants would affect their photosynthesis rate. The experiment could be recreated for the same results, given that the person recreating it has a tool that measures in pinches. The margins for error for this experiment include: inaccurate measurements of baking soda per plant, possibly not enough time to let the baking soda absorb into the plant, and how well the baking soda was distributed within the water. Inaccurate measurements or baking soda would have produced different amounts of carbon dioxide amongst each of the plants producing different oxygen levels. The baking soda might not have received enough time to absorb into the plant on the tests with larger amounts, thus making it appear that the amount of baking soda is for the most part irrelevant, just so long as there is some in there. The distribution of the baking soda within the water could also have been a place for error, as there is a possibility that the baking soda did not get evenly distributed throughout the plant thus making the water have different levels of concentration of carbon dioxide, because there could be clumps of baking soda sitting their preventing a quick, complete diffusion of the carbon dioxide molecules. Effect of light intensity on photosynthesis Effect of light intensity on photosynthesis Plants which obtain energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates are the process called photosynthesis. Then plants will take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, add some water and use the energy of sunlight to form sugar.  The overall equation can be summarized as below: 6CO2 + 6H2O  Ã‚  Ã‚   C6H12O6 + 6O2 In biology, the requirements for photosynthesis are chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, light and water. In fact, most of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight then converted to chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis.(Campbell 2008) There are two stages for photosynthesis. They are light reaction and dark reaction. Firstly, light energy splits water into oxygen and hydrogen during the light reaction. Then NADP and hydrogen add together and form NADPH2.After that, oxygen atoms join each other and form O2, at this time it released in the atmosphere.(Bailey 1997) Moreover, light energy generates ATP from ADP. The light reaction can also be summarized as below: 2H2O + NADP + ADP + P sunlight O2 + NADPH2+ ATP Chlorophyll Hydrogen is transferred into dark reaction. Then oxygen is released. It only occurs in the presence of light. Therefore, NADPH2, O2 and ATP are the products of light reaction. Secondly, carbon fixation occurs in the dark reaction has shown as below: ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 > ADP + P + NADP + glucose Enzyme use NADPH2 and ATP as the energy to convert to carbon dioxide. And carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in dark reaction.(Bailey 1997) And then CO2 is converted into carbohydrates such as glucose. The concentration of water, carbon dioxide, the temperature and the light intensity are the most common environmental factors to affect photosynthesis (Lincoln 2010). So the aim of this scientific experiment is to investigate the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Methods_____________________________________________________________ Kept all the beakers and test tubes to be used on ice.Stalks are removed from leaves and leaves are ground in 200mL solution of buffer A.Buffer A was a mixture of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate 10mM,disodium hydrogen orthophosphate 10mM and magnesium chloride 5mM. Then the extract is poured through the two layers of muslin into a beaker and suspension is also poured through eight layers of muslin into other beaker. The centrifuge spun the suspension at full speed in one minute. Then suspension is poured off and green chhloroplast is produced in total of 15mL solution of buffer C and it stored in ice for use.Buffer C was a solution same to buffer A but without magnesium chloride. Used the different pipettes to perpare the solution of buffer B at 6.7mL and 0.2mL chloroplast solution into a test tube.Mixed each solution well.Zero the spectrophotometer using 1.0mL of mixture at absorbance wavelength of 590nm.The spectrophotometer is used to measure how much light that the mixture absorbed. Used the different pipettes to prepare the solution of buffer B at 6.7mL, 0.2mL of chloroplast solution and 0.1mL of the dye into another test tube. Mixed each solution well and put it into the cuvette.The cuvette was placed at 0.3m for 60s from the lamp and the optical density of 1.0mL of this solution was measured with the spectrophotometer. All readings noted in the table and the optical density of solution was measured again. Repeated the same process at 0.5m, 0.7m,0.9m,1.0m from the lamp and each distance had a new mixture. The chloropast solution should kept in ice in this experiment to make sure that the solutions did not have any reaction until they placed under the light. Recorded the optical density at 590nm in each different distance from the lamp. Results______________________________________________________________ Rate of dye reduction Distance from light intensity (m) The graph shows that the distance from light intensity are increased when the rate of dye reduction decrease between 0.3m to 1.1m. That mean the rate of photosynthesis also decreases in this graph. The maximum rate of dye reduction is 0.398 at 0.3m from the light and the minimum rate of dye reduction is 0.045 ate 1.1m from the light. According to the data of the above graph, Q1=0.065, Q3= 0.345 and IQR =0.28. The lowest rate of dye reduction is 0.065-1.5 x 0.28 = -0.355. In this case the lowest rate of dye reduction from the data lies above -0.355, so there is no outlier. On the other hand, the upper rate dye reduction is 0.345+1.5 x 0.28 = 0.765.Hence there is no outlier also. The data are positively skewed distribution because the data trend from the left to the right. Discussion____________________________________________________________ During the photosynthesis, the light intensity will increase when the rate of photosynthesis increase.(Pang 2006) In my result, the distances from light intensity are increased when the rate of photosynthesis decreases, which mean when the light intensity decrease, the rate of photosynthesis also decreases. In this case, my result is true. There are some experimental errors in this experiment. It is hard for us to make sure the chloroplast solution will not active until they were placed under the lamp because there were the other light from the surrounding in the room such as neighbour lamps. So the experiment should be done in a dark room that can reduce the effect of the light and the result will become more accurate .Also, more cuvette should be provided because it will effect the result if some of cuvette was not clean well. Moreover, there are some limitations in this experiment. Different solution should be used different pipette to prevent the other solution will add on the result.Also, meaured the volume of each solution that can help to reduce variations.Furthermore, placed the test tube of chloroplasts in the ice because this can ensures the temperature of the test tube is not affected by the heat realeased from the lamp. As temperature might affect the enzyme activity of the plant and hence the rate of photosynthesis. Light is needed for photosynthesis in plants. When chloroplasts in the leafs cell are facing to light,they form ATP from ADP. Oxygen is produced during the photosynthesis. (Campbell 2008) According to my result, light energy increases when more water molecules are split into oxygen. At this time, the light reaction occurs faster and more ATP and NADPH2 are produced.Therefore, it will have more sugar and oxygen formed in dark reaction.In this case thre rate of photosynthesis increases.

Essay --

In my opinion I ranked the seven social sciences according to what I believed it was important and has the most influence on the people in a modern society. My first ranked for the seven social sciences is Psychology then Sociology, Political science, History, Economics, Anthropology and last Geography. Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by it, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. Environmental influences, such as cost, changing weather, climate patterns, their potential impacts, and the threat of spreading diseases, are of increasing concern. Geography allows us to participate and enjoy our planet. It gives us a sense of reference to where we live and where we may be going in relationship to where we have been, and the appreciation of the world we live in. Anthropology is the study of human kind and culture, everybody wants to know where and how humans came to be. Our daily lives such as family, friends, co-workers and the under...

Free Essays - The Ideologies of the Brotherhood in Invisible Man :: Invisible Man Essays

The Ideologies of the Brotherhood in Invisible Man And he had hardly settled himself when he stared at my desk, saying, "What you got there, Brother?" and pointed toward a pile of my papers. I leaned slowly back in my chair, looking him in the eye. "That's my work," I said coldly, determined to stop any interference from the start. "But I mean that," he said, pointing, his eyes beginning to blaze, "that there." "It's work," I said, "all my work." "Is that too?" he said, pointing to Brother Tarp's leg link. "That's just a personal present, Brother," I said. "What could I do for you?" "That ain't what I asked you, Brother. What is it?" I picked up the link and held it toward him, the metal oily and strangely skinlike now with the slanting sun entering the window. "Would you care to examine it, Brother? One of our members wore it nineteen years on the chain gang." "Hell no!" He recoiled. "i mean, no, thank you. In fact, Brother, i don't think we ought to have such things around!" "You think so," I said. "And just why?" "Because I don't think we ought to dramatize our differences." "I'm not dramatizing anything, it's my personal property that happens to be lying on my desk." "But people can see it!" "That's true," I said. "But I think it's a good reminder of what our movement is fighting against." "No, suh!" he said, shaking his head, "no, suh!" That's the worse kind of thing for Brotherhood - because we want to make folks think of things we have in common. That's what makes Brotherhood. We have to change this way we have of always talking about how different we are. In the Brotherhood, we are all brother." I was amused. He was obviously disturbed by something deeper than a need to forget differences. Fear was in his eyes. "I never thought of it just that way, Brother," I said, dangling the iron between my finger and thumb. "But you want to think about it," he said. "We have to discipline ourselves.

Work Environment Paper -- essays research papers

Work Environment Paper Good communication skills are imperative for organizations to carry out in an attempt to maintain outstanding performance from employees and management. Every workplace is unique in terms of their diversity profile therefore, is it vital for organization to create and execute creative communication methodologies that will enable organizations to develop a community rather than just your average run of the mill work environment. For example, active listening, collective goal setting and consistent training are all examples of tools in which organizations can effectively use to promote and execute effective communication within the workplace. So how well do individuals within an organization communicate with each other? This paper will analyze the amount, types, options, location and speed of communication that is practiced within the FACS Group Inc culture. In addition, this paper will explain how effective team building applies to FACS Group Inc work environment. Furthermore, this pa per will include a brief summary of the selected chapter on effective team building, as well as provide my own communication analysis. Business leaders in today’s society are looking for solutions to empower and retain employees through technology. Financial Administrative and Credit Services (FACS Group Inc.) is the credit services and centralized financial and administrative support resource for all Federated divisions such as, Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s. As an organization, FACS handles all projects that involve credit authorizations, new account development, customer service, collections, catalog and dotcom sales, (www.facsgroup.com). Within my assigned department, as an auditor, different levels of communication are practices on a day-to-day basis. For example, as an auditor, we often communicate nonverbally to another shared center in a different state in an attempt to produce weekly, monthly and annual forecasting, reports and audits. Most often the use of a shared computer network or drive enables both centers to obtain the needed information to actively complete the needed reports. In addition, the use of e-mail or Lotus Notes allows specific individuals to communicate and transfer needed information quickly. Also, the development of a shared Intranet web site enables each center to obtain data, memorandums, up to date statistics for each location... ...to communicate effectively and to actively create and execute creative communication methodologies. Such actions will result in the development of a community between co-workers within the workplace. This paper analyzed the various types of communication such as amount, options, location and speed of communication which is presently practiced within the FACS Group Inc culture. In addition, this paper clearly explained how effective team building applies to FACS Group Inc work environment. In addition, the paper includes a brief summary of the selected chapter on effective team building, as well as provides example of my own communication analysis. Reference(s) FACS Group Inc, (2005). Retrieved Jul. 03, 2005, from Get To Know Us Web site: http://www.facsgroup.com/facs/about/. Gustavus Adolphus College, (2005). Retrieved Jul. 03, 2005, from Communication Analysis Web site: http://www.gustavus.edu/oncampus/academics/speech-comm/forensics/events/ca.cfm. Learning Point Inc, (2002). Retrieved Jul. 03, 2005, from Workplace Communication Web site: http://www.learningpointinc.com/workplacecommunication.htm. Pragar, H. (1999). Cooking up effective team building. , 53(12), 14.

Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging

Traffic congestion has been a major problem for many of the cities in the UK and nowhere more than in the central of the largest UK city and capital London. It is known that 50% of drivers' time going though central London is spent in queues and at peak times and that times of high amounts of traffic average speeds of vehicles are under 10 miles per hour (Transport for London, 2001, Congestion Charging: Introduction). It has been a key issue for the transport authorities for some time and many efforts have been aimed at levelling this problem. The GLA (Greater London Authority), and in particular the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, has now decided to confront this problem head on and has issued a congestion charging scheme for central London. The charge is set to come into place on the 17th February 2003. The congestion charging scheme is intended to reduce the amount of motorists taking unnecessary trips through the centre if London, and to make them think of using public transport where possible. There will be a charge of i5 for drivers who still wish to go through central London. The charge will occur on weekdays between the hours of 7am and 6. 30pm, there will be no charge on weekends and public holidays, the fee of i5 will be at a flat daily rate with no limit on the number of times motorists go through the charging zone. The fee can either be paid on the day or in advance, with passes to the zone available on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: How the scheme will work? ) Not everyone has to pay the charge; there are a number of discounts and exemptions as part of the scheme. Residents who live within the charging zone will receive a 90% discount; providing they can give appropriate verification that they do in fact own the vehicle, they will then be subject to a i10 administration charge to register with the TfL. Disabled badge holder will receive a 100% discount but they will have to register and pay the i10 fee. Others receiving a 100% discount are certain NHS vehicles and firefighters' operational vehicles. There are also a number of exemptions from the charge, which do not have to register with TfL either. These are motorbikes, Black cabs and mini-cabs. Also exempt from the charge are Emergency Service vehicles, NHS vehicles exempt from vehicle excise duties, buses and coaches. There are a number of other types of vehicles that are exempt or receive a 100% discount for the charge (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Who will pay? ). They're will be a fine for the registered keeper of any vehicle which has been caught in the charging zone without having paid the charge will be penalised by the amount of i80, this will go down to i40 for payment within the week, or it will rise to i120 if the fine is not paid on time. However, motorists will be able to pay the charge at the normal rate of i5 before 10pm on the day and at a rate of i10 from 10pm till midnight (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Penalties). The scheme will be enforced by a number of powerful and highly technological camera's which will be situated a in and around the congestion charging zone. There is an initial set up budget of i200 million, and i100 million worth of traffic management measures. The scheme is set to raise around i130 million a year, which is by law, should all be spent on transport improvements within Greater London. After rounds of public consultation over a ten-week period starting in July 2001, the London Mayor has decided to go ahead with the proposed scheme, and without any glitches should go ahead on the 17th February 2003 (TfL, 2001,Congestion Charging: Fact Sheets: Basic proposals of the central London scheme). The scheme itself has many benefits along with drawbacks to road users, residents, businesses motorists and the environment. All of these will be affected and care and consideration should be taken when considering the significance of the charge on the various groups. The largest and foremost benefit of the scheme would be the reduced amounts of congestion in the key zone, i. e. Central London. Even though there are many motorists who consider their trips through central London vital, there will be a number of motorists who will avoid the zone during the charging hours, because they do not need to make that trip. The estimated level of reduction in vehicles passing inside the zone would be 10-15%, with a 20-30% reduction in the in the levels of congestion. This would then aid in the speeding up of traffic, which is estimated to increase by 10-15% (TfL, 2001, congestion charging- benefits). The levels of traffic now cause negative externalities, where Marginal Social Costs (MSC), public costs, is greater than Marginal Private Costs (MPC), costs to the individual. The motorists only take into account the cost of petrol and time taken for the trip, MPC. This does not take in to account the levels of pollution, noise and other people's time that their vehicle is effecting, MSC. With the charge leading to the above levels of reduced traffic the size of the externality is reduced as the individual driver is bearing more of the cost. The charge that the Tfl have brought in is in relation to the size of the externality caused by the driver therefore getting closer to the social optimum in road use and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in London being at its worst ever is also costing industry in and around greater London millions of pounds every year. In a study Alan Griffiths & Stuart Wall (2001), estimate that if traffic were reduced then London's economy would be better off by i1m a day. This would be a major boost for a city that at the moment looks unattractive and is sometimes over looked in favour of other cities because of the traffic congestion and the additional costs to business because of it. The scheme would also improve business efficiency and reduce the time employees and deliverers spend on the roads, and would spend less on fuel consumption (Greens on the GLA, 2001). The TfL expect the scheme to raise around i130 million a year, with a ten year investment plan to plough it all in to transport improvements. This would no doubt improve public transport, namely buses and the underground, in many areas with improved and new routes planned and an increase in the number of buses and trains. There are investments planned in all areas in public transport, including implementing more safety regulations (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging: Public Transport Improvements). This all has to occur fairly swiftly as the demand for the use of public transport will be stretched. The congestion charging scheme also has many consequences to it. With the reduction in congestion in the charging zone, there will be an obvious increase in traffic around the surrounding areas of the zone. The TfL are expecting there to be a 5% increase in traffic levels on orbital routes. This would raise the externalities, and the difference between MPC and MPC will increase. There is also an issue of this being like just another tax and being regressive in its cause, therefore benefiting the rich and adversely affecting the poor. The rich will be able to pay the tax with no qualms, and will actually benefit from paying it as the people less able to pay the tax will be forced, not to drive in the zone.

Albert Bandera

Albert Bandura has made great contributions to the field of learning and cognition. His finding formed the foundation of modern social learning theory. Bandura studies were base on observational learning or modeling (2013). He believed that people learn by observing others, such behaviors, but not necessary by imitating or mimicking (2013) For example if you see a friend slipping on the wet floor, you would go around to prevent from slipping like your friend. Observing behavior is a form of information a person obtains, a process of learning to later recover when need it. It incorporates the basic principles of learning like attention, memory and motivation. Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment set principles on social learning. Through this experiment he observed 33 children, boys and girls. These children were then divided into 3 groups, each group watch a different ending of the video. The video was of a woman beating a Bobo Doll; she beat up the doll, threw it across the room, kicked it, and called it names. She was very aggressive towards the doll for no apparent reason. The first group watched a video that showed the person beating the doll receiving a reward after the behavior. Second group watched the person being punished for the behavior, and the third group watched the video with no consequences (2013). After watching the video the children were presented to a bobo doll just like the one in the video. All 33 children reacted aggressively towards the doll. The aggression varied on what video each children watched. The children that watched the person being rewarded were more aggressive; the aggression decrease with the children that watched the person being punished and aggression was neutral with those that watch the video with no consequence (2013). In conclusion to this study, Bandura explain the influence of observational learning. First is attention, in order for a person to learn he or she needs to pay attention, be focused (2013). If there is distraction the observational learning process will have a negative affect. For example a dancer learning a new step, while the dance master is howing a new step, Silvia notices her crush walk-in the dance room. Instead of paying attention to the new step, her attention is elsewhere. Second is retention, is the ability to store the information a person learns through observing, he or she obtains the information to later act on it (2013). Third, reproduction, which is the process of practicing on what the person learns from observing, likes performi ng the behavior. For example; after the dancer learns a new step by observing the dance master, she then practice the behavior, in this case is the new dancing step. Last is motivation, for a person to act the behavior learned after observing he or she has to be motivated. Reinforcements and punishments are actually important role in the process of motivation. For example, lets take Silva the dancer, she makes sure to learn the right steps to the dance routine because if she does the dance master will defiantly picker her to be at the show to perform the dance. Albert Bandera social learning theory has become popular in todays society, like entertainment, education, and especially in the media such as advertising. Bandura did not like how the media would use the observational learning theory because it was mostly used to show negative or violent behaviors that people would learn (2013). Fox example alcohol or cigarette companies use media to advertise their product. These companies use attractive models like role models that todays society look up to or are considered to be â€Å"cool†. Society watches these advertisements, they become amuse some act the behaviors, such as smoking or drinking because they think is the â€Å"cool† thing to do especially the youth. Albert Bandura theory brought great contribution to the psychology field, observational learning or modeling has very concepts process, but if you think about it is really just common sense. Observational learning or modeling would be use more for children because they have not yet developed right from wrong (2013). Is also away that a parent or just any adult can know how to act a certain way around children, because a child behavior always reflects his or her parent or role model.

Did The United States Lose On The Vietnam War Home front Or Battlefield? Essay

In this essay I will discuss whether America lost on the battlefield or the home front. People are still arguing about the war even though it finished over thirty years ago showing it is still an important issue today. It is clear that both sides have made a big impact on the outcome of the war. Like the Iraq war now, it was anunpopular guerilla war due to the amount of soldiers who lost their lives . As the Vietnam War was unpopular, the home front weren’t very supportive of the soldiers. Soldiers who struggled on the battlefield unable to cope with different the environment and the use of guerilla tactics. From when the firstcombat troops got sent to Vietnam in 1965, the public were quite supportive. The army were somewhat arrogance and optimism, the U.S soldiers very much understated the Vietnamese abilities at this point. Although some people had pride in America’s involvement in the war, there were far more people who didn’t agree with the war. People who didn’t agree with the war would usually went to more drastic measures to get their opinions heard, e.g. the Black Panthers, . The Black Panthers believed that black people should not be forced to fight in the military service to defend a racist government that does not protect the black community. They said they would not fight and kill other people of colour in the world who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist government of America. Their campaign was huge throughout the black community in America- especially with the racial issues at that time. As the war went, there were more protests. When college students found out that they could be subscribed to the army due to theintroduction of the lottery, they suddenly became a lot more anti-war. They wereoutraged and shocked about the fact that they themselves could become soldiers. Mass demonstrations, often in Washington, would be completely covered by the media. This would lead to the troops at war hearing about people not wanting them to be there- they could find out through letters, radios, phone calls, any form of contact.When the troops hear about people being against them being there- They are obviously going to feel like they are wasting their time, so their morale will be completely devoured. Then with low morale this could make them weaker on the battlefield, giving the North Vietnamese an advantage. The North Vietnamese Army had many advantages, even when the American troops morale were high. At ease with the environment and knowing the land well, the North Vietnamese Army mastered their tactics- using the guerilla tactics. The Viet Cong’s used guerilla warfare because their territory that the Americans had to fight in was so full of plants and growth, that guns and such did not work as well as tactics adapted to the environment such as booby traps and punji sticks. Vietnamese knew that hand to hand combat was the only way to successfully way to win the war as it was less money and Americans were not used to that type of warfare. The Americans set out to win the war by working closely with the South Vietnamese. The U.S believed in using it’s wealth to the maximum, using firepower, new technology, more troops. Thefirepower aspect was pretty much a waste of time and was expensive. They couldn’t use their firepower in urban areas therefore couldn’t kill the North Vietnamese Army as easy as they anticipated. The U.Sworked a lot underpressurebecausewithalot of theirtacticstheyoftenhadtokeep them undercover from the media this would obviously make everything a lot more complex. American plans weren’t full proof and a lot of their own man were killed. This obviously caused a lot of uproar at home. The Vietnam War was the first televised war, so the media would show the USA what happened all the time. This meant people on the home front quickly lost support for the soldiers because they were seeing all of the horrible incidents which were meant to be secret. The media would be completely biased and make the negatives a lot worse then they were. The U.S army tried to cover up a lot of mistakes like the Tet Offensive. While the U.S army were at their weakest agreeing to cease fire. A lot thinking there would be nothing to be bothered about on a Vietnamese holiday, the Viet Cong launched an offensive attacking almost every town and city in South Vietnam. They trapped the U.S embassy in grounds then wiped them out, where as the media claimed VC sappers seized the U.S embassy, which clearly makes the U.S look a lot weaker. The Home front at this point were worried about their troop’s tactics and abilities. Many member of the public were angry at the fact the the American troops let this happen and that they didn’t expect it. The mass of attacks from the Vietnamese led to many people thinking the war was unwinnable. After the U.S troops had fought hard against the Tet Offensive and had a military victory, hearing that the media reported it as a loss their lowered morale again. When people on the home front got enrolled by lottery people of various ages and abilities went to Vietnam. Most fought in Vietnam for 1 a year and spent another year training and being at base camp. By the time they leave the army, that is when their abilities are most excelled. When college students found out they could get enlisted in the war this is when most of the mass demonstrations began. Past experiences made many veterans against the war also arriving home and being with so many people against the war. The scaring memories of the My Lai Massacre of 1968. People were sexually abused, beaten, tortured and killed. Some of the bodies were found mutilated. When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also reduced U.S. support at home for the Vietnam War. Three U.S. servicemen who made an effort to halt the massacre and protect the wounded were denounced by U.S. Congressmen, received hate mail, death threats and mutilated animals on their doorsteps. The soldier’s welfare while they were away in the army could have easily helped contribute to their withdrawal and loss of the war. They had extremely long active hours running on little food and sleep. Obviously they wouldn’t be fighting to the best of their abilities. The large availability and use of drugs may have put the troops in a better mood making their morale on high, their physicality wasn’t befitting as a lot of fatigue conquered the army. Often this was due to insomnia, people couldn’t sleep simply because of the situation in which they were in. The U.S as the war got longer, they became more scared because they were aware of Vietnamese abilities. The Vietnamese had a lot of advantage throughout the whole war. They were well prepared for all the problems the American’s faced. They were well equipped to the jungle environment and weather. They made cunning yet deadly booby traps which the Americans would fall for. Because of their knowledge of the area, their ambushes were pretty much flawless, the U.S army were clueless beforehand, so the American’s inexperience was a very big help for the Viet Cong. Also the Viet Cong were passionate about the cause and would not give it up. The U.S could not fend the Ho Chi Min trail- this supplied the North Vietnamese army with vital supplies throughout the war, including aid sent from the USSR. The U.S lost on the battlefield due to the many advantages of the Vietnamese. Although the U.S had money, men, and power. The Vietnamese were intelligent and used their knowledge to the best of their abilities. I think though the guerilla Tactics and the troops inexperience are what really made the war a challenge for the U.S. Although their morale was brought down immensely on the home front, had they been winning on the battlefield the homefront may have supported them.